Editing Sleep and learning (section)

==Electrophysiological evidence in rats==

A 2009 study<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Peyrache | first1=Adrien | last2=Khamassi | first2=Mehdi | last3=Benchenane | first3=Karim | last4=Wiener | first4=Sidney I | last5=Battaglia | first5=Francesco P | title=Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep | journal=Nature Neuroscience | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=12 | issue=7 | date=31 May 2009 | issn=1097-6256 | doi=10.1038/nn.2337 | pages=919–926|pmid=19483687| s2cid=510348 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00551868/document}}</ref> based on electrophysiological recordings of large ensembles of isolated cells in the prefrontal cortex of rats revealed that cell assemblies that formed upon learning were more preferentially active during subsequent sleep episodes. More specifically, those replay events were more prominent during [[slow wave sleep]] and were concomitant with hippocampal reactivation events. This study has shown that neuronal patterns in large brain networks are tagged during learning so that they are replayed, and supposedly consolidated, during subsequent sleep. There have been other studies that have shown similar reactivation of learning pattern during motor skill and neuroprosthetic learning.<ref name= "sleep-dependent">{{cite journal | last1=Ramanathan | first1=Dhakshin S. | last2=Gulati | first2=Tanuj | last3=Ganguly | first3=Karunesh | editor-last=Ashe | editor-first=James | title=Sleep-Dependent Reactivation of Ensembles in Motor Cortex Promotes Skill Consolidation | journal=PLOS Biology | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=13 | issue=9 | date=18 September 2015 | issn=1545-7885 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002263 | page=e1002263|pmid=26382320|pmc=4575076 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name= "reactivation of">{{cite journal | last1=Gulati | first1=Tanuj | last2=Ramanathan | first2=Dhakshin S | last3=Wong | first3=Chelsea C | last4=Ganguly | first4=Karunesh | title=Reactivation of emergent task-related ensembles during slow-wave sleep after neuroprosthetic learning | journal=Nature Neuroscience | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=17 | issue=8 | date=6 July 2014 | issn=1097-6256 | doi=10.1038/nn.3759 | pages=1107–1113|pmc=5568667|pmid=24997761}}</ref> Notably, new evidence is showing that reactivation and rescaling may be co-occurring during sleep.<ref name= "Neural reactivations">{{cite journal | last1=Gulati | first1=Tanuj | last2=Guo | first2=Ling | last3=Ramanathan | first3=Dhakshin S | last4=Bodepudi | first4=Anitha | last5=Ganguly | first5=Karunesh | title=Neural reactivations during sleep determine network credit assignment | journal=Nature Neuroscience | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=20 | issue=9 | date=10 July 2017 | issn=1097-6256 | doi=10.1038/nn.4601 | pages=1277–1284|pmid=28692062|pmc=5808917}}</ref>