Editing Slaughterhouse (section)

===Reform movement===
The slaughterhouse emerged as a coherent institution in the 19th century.<ref name="humanecologyreview">{{cite journal|url=http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her171/Fitzgerald.pdf|title=A Social History of the Slaughterhouse|journal=Human Ecology Review}}</ref> A combination of health and social concerns, exacerbated by the rapid [[urbanisation]] experienced during the [[Industrial Revolution]], led [[social reform]]ers to call for the isolation, sequester and regulation of animal slaughter. As well as the concerns raised regarding hygiene and disease, there were also criticisms of the practice on the grounds that the effect that killing had, both on the butchers and the observers, "educate[d] the men in the practice of violence and cruelty, so that they seem to have no restraint on the use of it."<ref name="HER">{{cite journal |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Amy |title=A Social History of the Slaughterhouse: From Inception to Contemporary Implications |journal=Human Ecology Review |date=2010 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=60 |jstor=24707515 }}</ref> An additional motivation for eliminating private slaughter was to impose a careful system of regulation for the "morally dangerous" task of putting animals to death.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

[[Image:Smithfield Last day of Old Smithfield ILN 1855.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield Market]] in 1855, before it was reconstructed]]
As a result of this tension, meat markets within the city were closed and abattoirs built outside city limits. An early framework for the establishment of public slaughterhouses was put in place in Paris in 1810, under the reign of the [[Emperor Napoleon]]. Five areas were set aside on the outskirts of the city and the feudal privileges of the [[guild]]s were curtailed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hdZ2BXP2GEC|title=Meat, Modernity, and the Rise of the Slaughterhouse|author=Paula Young Lee|year=2008|publisher=UPNE|page=26|isbn=978-1584656982}}</ref>

As the meat requirements of the growing number of residents in London steadily expanded,
the meat markets both within the city and beyond attracted increasing levels of public disapproval. Meat had been traded at [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield Market]] as early as the 10th century. By 1726, it was regarded as "without question, the greatest in the world", by [[Daniel Defoe]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Defoe|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Defoe|title=A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain|year=1726|page=342|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-04980-0|url=https://archive.org/details/natureofpolitics0000mast/page/342|url-access=registration}}</ref> By the middle of the 19th century, in the course of a single year 220,000 head of cattle and 1,500,000 sheep would be "violently forced into an area of five acres, in the very heart of London, through its narrowest and most crowded thoroughfares".<ref name="fm" />

[[Image:Fish market smithfield.jpg|thumb|Part of the original construction of the [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield Market]] in 1868]]
By the early 19th century, pamphlets were being circulated arguing in favor of the removal of the livestock market and its relocation outside of the city due to the extremely low hygienic conditions<ref name="dodd">{{cite book|last=Dodd|first=George|author-link=George Dodd (19th century writer)|title=The Food of London: A Sketch of the Chief Varieties, Sources of Supply, Probable Quantities, Modes of Arrival, Processes of Manufacture, Suspected Adulteration, and Machinery of Distribution, of the Food for a Community of Two Millions and a Half|year=1856|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans|page=[https://archive.org/details/foodlondonasket00doddgoog/page/n244 228]|url=https://archive.org/details/foodlondonasket00doddgoog}}</ref> as well as the brutal treatment of the cattle.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kean|first=Hilda| author-link = Hilda Kean |title=Animal rights: political and social change in Britain since 1800|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=1998|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eP9PAAAAIAAJ|page=59|chapter='Wild' domestic animals and the Smithfield Market|isbn=978-1-86189-014-6}}</ref> In 1843, the ''Farmer's Magazine'' published a petition signed by bankers, salesmen, aldermen, butchers and local residents against the expansion of the livestock market.<ref name="fm">{{cite book|title=The Farmer's Magazine|publisher=Rogerson and Tuxford, 1849|location=London|year=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eP9PAAAAIAAJ|page=142}}</ref> The [[Town Police Clauses Act 1847]] created a licensing and registration system, though few slaughter houses were closed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Otter |first1=Chris |title=Diet for a large planet |date=2020 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=US |isbn=978-0-226-69710-9 |page=36 }}</ref>

An [[Act of Parliament]] was eventually passed in 1852. Under its provisions, a new cattle-market was constructed in Copenhagen Fields, [[Islington]]. The new [[Metropolitan Cattle Market]] was also opened in 1855, and West Smithfield was left as waste ground for about a decade, until the construction of the new market began in the 1860s under the authority of the 1860 Metropolitan Meat and Poultry Market Act.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thornbury | first = Walter  | author-link = George Walter Thornbury  | chapter=The Metropolitan Meat-Market| title = Old and New London: Volume 2| pages = 491–96|year=1878|chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45117|access-date= 2008-02-01}}</ref> The market was designed by [[architect]] Sir [[Horace Jones (architect)|Horace Jones]] and was completed in 1868.

A [[cut and cover]] railway tunnel was constructed beneath the market to create a triangular junction with the railway between [[Blackfriars railway station|Blackfriars]] and [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross]].<ref>[http://www.londonrailways.net/snowhill.htm ''Snowhill''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605193008/http://www.londonrailways.net/snowhill.htm |date=2013-06-05 }} (London Railways) accessed 13 April 2009</ref> This allowed animals to be transported into the slaughterhouse by train and the subsequent transfer of animal carcasses to the Cold Store building, or direct to the meat market via lifts.

At the same time, the first large and centralized slaughterhouse in Paris was constructed in 1867 under the orders of [[Napoleon III]] at the [[Parc de la Villette]] and heavily influenced the subsequent development of the institution throughout Europe.