Editing Sisak (section)

== History ==

=== Roman empire ===
[[File:Maiorina-Vetranio-siscia RIC 281.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vetranio]] coin struck at Siscia mint in 350.]]
Siscia is described by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] writers as a great town in the south of [[Pannonia Superior|Upper Pannonia]], on the southern bank of the [[Savus]], on an island formed by that river and two others, the [[Colapis]] and [[Odra (Kupa)|Odra]], a canal dug by [[Tiberius]] completing the island.<ref name=DGRG/> It was on the great road from [[Aemona]] to [[Sirmium]].<ref>[[Antonine Itineraries|It. Ant.]] pp. 259, 260, 265, 266, 272, 274; {{Cite Pliny|3.28.}}</ref> According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] the name Segestica belonged only to the island, and the town was called Siscia; while [[Strabo]] says that Siscia was a [[Fortification|fort]] in the neighbourhood of Segestica;<ref>{{Cite Strabo|vii. p.314.}}</ref> but if this was so, it must be supposed that subsequently the fort and town became united as one place. Siscia was from the first a strongly fortified town; and after its capture by [[Tiberius]], in the reign of [[Augustus]],<ref>[[Appian]], ''The Illyrian Wars'', 16, 23.</ref> it became one of the most important places of [[Pannonia]]; for being on two navigable rivers, it not only carried on considerable commerce,<ref>{{Cite Strabo|v. pp. 207, 214}}</ref> but became the central point from which Augustus and Tiberius carried on their undertakings against the [[Pannonians]] and [[Illyrians]]. Tiberius did much to enlarge and embellish the town, which as early as that time seems to have been made a {{Lang|la|[[Roman colonia|colonia]]}}, for [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] mentions it as such: in the time of [[Septimius Severus]] it received fresh colonists, whence in inscriptions it is called ''Col. Septimia Siscia''. The town contained an [[Mint (facility)|imperial mint]], which produced coins under a series of emperors between 262 and 383 AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://finds.org.uk/romancoins/mints/mint/id/197 |title=Details for issuing mint located at Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) |website=Finds.org.uk |date=22 February 1999 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120740/https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/mints/mint/id/197 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Christianity|Christian]] martyr [[Quirinus of Sescia]], presumed the first bishop of the [[Diocese of Sescia]], was tortured and nearly killed during [[Diocletian]]'s [[Diocletianic Persecution|persecution of Christians]]. Legend has it that they tied him to a millstone and threw him into a river, but he freed himself from the weight, escaped and continued to preach his faith. Today he is the [[patron saint]] of Sisak. When Diocletian split Pannonia into four provinces, Siscia became the capital of [[Pannonia Savia]], the southwestern one, for which Siscia contained the treasury; at the same time it was the station of the small fleet kept on the Savus. Siscia maintained its importance until Sirmium began to rise, for in proportion as Sirmium rose, Siscia sank and declined.<ref name=DGRG/>

===Middle Ages===
[[Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia|Braslav]] of [[Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Lower Pannonia]] reigned from Sisak until he was killed in the [[Magyar invasion of Pannonia|Hungarian invasion]] ca. 898.<ref>{{cite book | title = When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans | url = https://archive.org/details/whenethnicitydid00jrjo | url-access = limited |author1=John Van Antwerp Fine |author2=John V. A. Fine, Jr. | page = [https://archive.org/details/whenethnicitydid00jrjo/page/n44 28] | publisher = [[University of Michigan Press]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-472-11414-X }}</ref> According to ''[[Historia Salonitana]]'', Duke [[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav]] reclaimed it soon after.<ref>{{cite book | title = When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans | url = https://archive.org/details/whenethnicitydid00jrjo | url-access = limited |author1=John Van Antwerp Fine |author2=John V. A. Fine, Jr. | page = [https://archive.org/details/whenethnicitydid00jrjo/page/n194 178] | publisher = University of Michigan Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-472-11414-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = History of Medieval Croatia | author = Stanko Guldescu | page = 113 | publisher = Mouton | year = 1964 }}</ref>

===Early modern===
[[File:Sisak, dvůr.jpg|thumb|right|Veliki Kaptol]]
The 16th-century triangular [[Fortification|fortress]] of the Old Town, well-preserved and turned into the Native Museum, is the main destination of every tourist. The fortress is famous for the victory of the joint forces of [[Croats]], Austrians and [[Carniola]]ns ([[Slovenes]]) over the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1593, known as the [[Battle of Sisak]]. It was one of the early significant defeats of the up-to-then invincible Ottoman army on European territory. The Croatian [[Ban (title)|Ban]] [[Thomas Erdődy]] who led the defense in this battle became famous throughout [[Europe]]. However this victory didn't prevent Sisak from Ottoman conquest on 24 August 1593. During their brief rule, it was called ''Siska''. Its fortress was manned, a sanjak beg was appointed and a mosque was built in the fortress.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/siska | title=SİSKA }}</ref> On 11 August 1594, Ottoman forces fled and set the fortress on fire after a powerful Habsburg-Croat army approached.<ref name=Mazuran2>Ive Mažuran: Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća, p. 148</ref>

The [[Baroque]] palace of ''Mali Kaptol'', the [[Classicism|classicist]] ''Veliki Kaptol'', the brick ''Stari most'' ("Old Bridge") over the Kupa, and the ethnological park are the most frequently visited landmarks.

=== Modern ===
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Sisak was a district capital in the [[Zagreb County (former)|Zagreb County]] of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]].

=== Modern history ===
[[File:Spomen park Brezovica.JPG|thumb|Monument to the [[Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment|1st Sisak Partisan Detachment]]]]
From 1929 to 1939, Sisak was part of the [[Sava Banovina]], and from 1939 to 1941, of the [[Banovina of Croatia]] within the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. During [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], the [[Sisak children's concentration camp]] was set up by the [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatian]] [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[Ustaše]] government for [[Serbs in Croatia|Serbian]], [[History of the Jews in Croatia|Jewish]] and [[Romani people in Croatia|Romani]] children. It is estimated that 1,160–1,600 children lost their lives at the camp.<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=Joseph Robert|editor1-last=Megargee|editor1-first=Geoffrey P.|editor2-last=White|editor2-first=Joseph R.|year=2018|series=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945|title=Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany|chapter=Sisak I and II|volume=III|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=978-0-25302-386-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ|page=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bartrop|first1=Paul R.|authorlink1=Paul R. Bartrop|last2=Grimm|first2=Eve E. |year=2020|title=Children of the Holocaust|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-44086-853-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fjz_DwAAQBAJ|page=42}}</ref>
 
On 22 June 1941, the day [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded]] the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment]], also known as the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment, was formed by the outlawed [[League of Communists of Croatia|Croatian Communist Party]] in the Brezovica Forest, near Sisak. It was the first [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] armed [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance unit formed in [[World War II in Yugoslavia|occupied Yugoslavia]] following the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] by the [[Axis powers]] in April 1941.<ref name="pavlicevic-2007">{{cite book|last=Pavličević|first=Dragutin|title=Povijest Hrvatske|publisher=Naklada Pavičić|pages=441–42|year=2007|isbn=978-953-6308-71-2}}</ref>
It had 79 members, mainly [[Croats]] with the exception of one notable [[Serbs of Croatia|Serb]] woman, [[Nada Dimić]],<ref name="pavlicevic-2007"/> and was commanded by a Croat, [[Vladimir Janjić-Capo]].

With the outbreak of the [[Croatian War of Independence]] in 1991, Sisak remained in Government hands while the territory to the south was [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|controlled by rebelling Serbs]]. During the war, the Serb forces often shelled the city, causing dozens of civilian casualties and extensive damage to the city's industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/11-kaznenih-prijava-za-razaranje-siska/210542|title=11 kaznenih prijava za razaranje Siska|date=27 January 2007|work=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr|access-date=27 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928082601/http://www.jutarnji.hr/11-kaznenih-prijava-za-razaranje-siska/210542/|archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]], Serb civilians in Sisak and surrounding areas were subjected to abductions, killings, assault and threats with at least 33 killed between 1991 and 1992,<ref>{{cite web |title=A shadow on Croatia's future: Continuing impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/42ae98ac0.pdf |website=refworld.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |page=13 |date=13 December 2004 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> while local [[Human rights defender|human rights activists]] in Croatia claim that [[Sisak killings|over 100 Serb residents of the Sisak region were killed during the entirety of the war]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pavelic |first1=Boris |title=Sisak: Witness Reported Ljubica Solar's Death |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2012/07/04/sisak-witness-reported-ljubica-solar-s-death/ |website=[[Balkan Insight]] |date=4 July 2012 |publisher=BIRN |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> The frontline dramatically moved eastwards as a result of [[Operation Storm]] (1995), effectively ending the war.

Sisak suffered much damage during the [[2020 Petrinja earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55474230 | language = en| newspaper = [[BBC]] | title = Croatia earthquake: Seven dead as rescuers search rubble for survivors | date = 30 December 2020 | access-date = 31 December 2020 }}</ref> The town, located roughly {{cvt|20|km|mi}} northeast of the epicenter, reported damage to the hospital as well as city hall and various [[Church (building)|churches]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/velike-stete-i-u-sisku-bolnica-je-tesko-stradala-gradonacelnica-se-slomila-potreseni-smo-15039644 | language = hr| newspaper = [[Jutarnji list]] | title = Velike štete i u Sisku, bolnica je teško stradala, gradonačelnica se slomila: 'Potreseni smo' | trans-title = Great damage also in Sisak, hospital badly damaged, mayor breaks down: 'We are shaken' | date = 29 December 2020 | access-date = 29 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POFMsLaa1P8| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116194738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POFMsLaa1P8&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2021-01-16 | url-status=dead|title=M6.4 Earthquake Hits Croatia - Dec. 29, 2020 potres u Petrinji - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Most of the damage was inflicted on old buildings in the center of the town. However, early figures estimate that 700 to 1,000 homes were damaged in Sisak and nearby villages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=U ponedjeljak navečer slabiji potres kod Velike Gorice, u Sisku i okolici oštećeno između 700 i 1000 kuća |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/snazan-potres-u-zagrebu-jako-je-zatreslo-prepala-sam-se-1456939|access-date=29 December 2020 |website=www.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref>