Editing Sioux (section)

===Etymology===
[[File:"Black Tail Deer, Sioux Chief, also a policeman at Rosebud Agency." Department of Anthropology, 1904 World's Fair.jpg|thumb|right|Chief Black Tail Deer and his family at the [[1904 World's Fair]]]]
The Sioux people refer to their whole nation of people (sometimes called the Great Sioux Nation) as the '''{{Lang|dak|Očhéthi Šakówiŋ}}''' (meaning {{Gloss|Seven Council Fires}}). Each fire symbolizes an {{Lang|dak|oyate}} (people or nation). Today the seven nations that comprise the {{Lang|dak|Očhéthi Šakówiŋ}} are:
* {{Lang|dak|Thítȟuŋwaŋ}} (also known collectively as the Lakota or Teton)
* {{Lang|dak|Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ}}, {{Lang|dak|Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ}}, {{Lang|dak|Waȟpékhute}}, and {{Lang|dak|Sisíthuŋwaŋ}} (also known collectively as the Santee or Eastern Dakota) 
* {{Lang|dak|Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ}} and {{Lang|dak|Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna}} (also known collectively as the Yankton/Yanktonai or Western Dakota).<ref name="Sioux nation">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Michael |title=The Tribes of the Sioux Nation |publisher=Osprey Publishing Oxford |year=2000 |isbn=1-85532-878-X }}</ref><ref name="NLD"/>

They are also referred to as the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] or [[Dakota people|Dakota]] based on dialect differences.<ref name="Sioux nation"/><ref name="NLD"/> In any of the dialects, ''Lakota'' or ''Dakota'' translates as {{Gloss|friend, ally}}, referring to the alliances between the bands.<ref name="Sioux nation"/><ref name="NLD"/>

The name ''Sioux'' was adopted in [[English language|English]] by the 1760s from [[French language|French]]. It is abbreviated from the French {{lang|fr|Nadouessioux}}, first attested by [[Jean Nicolet]] in 1640.<ref name="Sioux nation"/> The name is sometimes said to be derived from {{lang|oj-latn|Nadowessi}} (plural {{lang|oj-latn|Nadowessiwag}}),<ref name="Four Siouan Languages 1956">NAA MS 4800 [59]. Three drafts of On the Comparative Phonology of Four Siouan Languages. James O. Dorsey papers, circa 1870–1956, bulk 1870–1895. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution</ref> an [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]-language [[exonym]] for the Sioux meaning {{Gloss|little snakes}}<ref>{{cite web|access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704131118/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/frazier-rez.html |title=Among the Sioux |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/frazier-rez.html |url-status=live |work=The New York Times}}</ref> or {{Gloss|enemy}}<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sehgal
| first = Paul
| title = 'Lakota America' Puts the Tribe of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Front and Center
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/books/review-lakota-america-pekka-hamalainen.html
| work = The New York Times
| date = 2019-10-22
| access-date = November 30, 2023
| archive-date = March 21, 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230321185856/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/books/review-lakota-america-pekka-hamalainen.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.lakotatimes.com/articles/countries-and-their-capitals/
| title = Countries and Their Capitals
| publisher = Lakota Times
| author = ohtadmin
| date = 2018-08-30
| access-date = November 30, 2023
| archive-date = December 11, 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231211123227/https://www.lakotatimes.com/articles/countries-and-their-capitals/
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4mpECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117
| title = Participants in the Battle of the Little Big Horn: A Biographical Dictionary
| author = Frederic C. Wagner III
| year = 2016
| publisher = McFarland & Company; 2nd edition
| isbn = 978-1476664590
| page = 117
| access-date = November 30, 2023
| archive-date = December 11, 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231211065111/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mpECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117
| url-status = live
}}</ref> (compare {{lang|oj-latn|nadowe}} {{Gloss|big snakes}}, used for the [[Iroquois]]).<ref>[http://indians.org/articles/sioux-indians.html Learn about the history of the Sioux Indians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414095103/http://www.indians.org/articles/sioux-indians.html |date=April 14, 2012 }}. Indians.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.</ref> The French pluralized the Ojibwe singular {{lang|oj-latn|Nadowessi}} by adding the French plural suffix {{lang|fr|-oux}} to form {{lang|fr|Nadowessioux}}, which was later shortened to {{lang|fr|Sioux}}.<ref name="Four Siouan Languages 1956" /> The [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]] form {{Lang|mis|*na·towe·wa}}, meaning {{Gloss|Northern Iroquoian}}, has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake ([[massasauga]], ''Sistrurus'').<ref name="riggs">{{cite book |last=Riggs |first=Stephen R. |title=Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography |url=https://archive.org/details/grammerdakota09riggrich |publisher=Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc. |year=1893 |isbn=0-87018-052-5 }}</ref> An alternative explanation is derivation from an (Algonquian) exonym, {{lang|alg|na·towe·ssiw}} (plural {{lang|alg|na·towe·ssiwak}}), from a verb {{lang|alg|*-a·towe·}} meaning {{Gloss|to speak a foreign language}}.<ref name="dict">{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sioux | title = Sioux | work = [[Dictionary.com]] | access-date = 2007-09-05 | archive-date = October 14, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014214713/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sioux | url-status = live }}</ref> The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is {{lang|oj-latn|Bwaanag}} (singular {{lang|oj-latn|Bwaan}}), meaning {{Gloss|roasters}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=a Dakota|url=http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/bwaan-na|website=The Ojibwe People's Dictionary|publisher=University of Minnesota Board of Regents|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=November 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101092532/http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/bwaan-na|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ningewance |first1=Patricia M. |title=Zagataagan, A Northern Ojibwe Dictionary, Anishinaabemowin Ikidowinan gaa-niibidebii'igadegin dago gaye ewemitigoozhiibii'igaadegin, Ojibwe-English Volume 2 |date=2009 |publisher=Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre |location=61 King St. Sioux Lookout ON. Canada |isbn=978-1-897579-15-2 |page=81}}</ref> Presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past.

In recent times, some of the tribes have formally or informally reclaimed traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the {{Lang|dak|Sičháŋǧu Oyáte}}, and the Oglala often use the name {{Lang|dak|Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte}}, rather than the formal [[Oglala Sioux Tribe]] or OST. The alternative English spelling of ''Ogallala'' is considered incorrect.<ref name="Sioux nation"/>