Editing Shenzhen (section)

==History==
=== Prehistory to Ming era ===
[[File:南头古城南门2022.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nantou (historic town)|Nantou Historic Town]]]]
The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid-[[Neolithic]] period.<ref name="szmc" /><ref name="ShenzhenEveningNews-2018">{{Cite web|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20151030/071423628612.shtml|script-title=zh:深圳的前身并不是"小渔村"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203406/http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20151030/071423628612.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> Humans have inhabited the area throughout the past 6,700 years. Historic counties were first established in the area 1,700 years ago. The historic towns of [[Nantou (historic town)|Nantou]] and [[Dapeng New District|Dapeng]], were built on the area that is now Shenzhen over 600 years ago.<ref name="szmc3">{{cite news|url=http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/zjsz/gl/201608/t20160826_5230558.htm|script-title=zh:深圳概貌 |date=2016-08-26 |publisher=Shenzhen People's Government |access-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302141305/http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/zjsz/gl/201608/t20160826_5230558.htm|archive-date=2017-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Hakka people]] also have a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated.

In 214 BC, when Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]] unified China under the [[Qin dynasty]], the area was submitted to the jurisdiction of the established [[Nanhai Commandery]], one of the three [[commandery (China)|commanderies]] that were set up in [[Lingnan]], and was assimilated into [[Zhongyuan]] culture.<ref name="szmc2" /> In 331 AD, the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Eastern Jin]] administration split up Nanhai and established a new {{interlanguage link|Dongguan Commandery|zh|東官郡}} (东官郡).<ref name="ShenzhenHistory2">[http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/200708/t20070822_229175.htm Brief History of Shenzhen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416045925/http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/200708/t20070822_229175.htm|date=April 16, 2008}}, Shenzhen Government official website.</ref> The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County, one of its six counties, was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590, the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757, the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] administration renamed the county Dongguan, and moved its seat to what is now [[Dongguan]] city, although a military garrison remained.<ref name="szmc2" />

During the 12th century, [[Nantou (historic town)|Nantou]] and the surrounding area became an important trade hub for salt and spices in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name="szmc2" /><ref name="autogenerated1">Rule, Ted and Karen, "Shenzhen, the Book", Hong Kong 2014</ref> The area then became known for producing pearls during the 13th century. In the 1362 era, Chinese sailors of a fleet would go to a [[Mazu]] temple in [[Chiwan]] (in present-day [[Nanshan District, Shenzhen|Nanshan District]]) to pray as they go to [[Nanyang (region)|Nanyang]] ([[Southeast Asia]]). The [[Battle of Tunmen]], when the Ming won a naval battle against invading [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], was fought south of Nantou.<ref>{{Citation|  last=Wills| first=John E.| title=China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions| year=2011| publisher=Cambridge University Press| page=28}}</ref>

=== Qing-era to 1940s ===
To prevent pirates from attacking Shenzhen, residents were resettled northward.<ref name="szmc2" /> As a result, [[Bao'an County]] lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboring [[Dongguan]] and was incorporated into Dongguan in 1669. After the Qing state regime was defeated by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] in the [[First Opium War]] and the [[Second Opium War]]s, [[Hong Kong Island]] and the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] were ceded to the British. On 21 April 1898 the Qing government signed a "Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders" with the United Kingdom, and leased the [[New Territories]] from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Xin'an was briefly occupied by a British force under the command of [[Henry Arthur Blake]], the [[governor of Hong Kong]], for half a year in 1899.<ref name="Sohu-2019">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/218161140_711096|script-title=zh:深圳旧事 {{!}} 英国两千军队占领深圳长达半年，这是怎么回事？|website=sohu.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015194040/https://www.sohu.com/a/218161140_711096|url-status=live}}</ref> From the {{Convert|3,076|km2|mi2|abbr=}} of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, {{Convert|1055.61|km2|mi2|abbr=}} of the county was ceded to the British.<ref name="ShenzhenHistory2"/>

[[File:Opening_of_Chinese_Section_of_the_Canton-Kowloon_Railway_02.jpg|left|thumb|The opening of [[Shenzhen railway station]], October 1911]]
In response to the [[Wuchang Uprising]] in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them.<ref name="BaoanDaily-2012">{{cite news|url=http://barb.sznews.com/html/2012-02/18/content_1931586.htm |script-title=zh:龙华革命烈士卓凤康|date=2012-02-18|work=宝安日报|access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831130631/http://barb.sznews.com/html/2012-02/18/content_1931586.htm |archive-date=2017-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year the Chinese section of the [[Kowloon–Canton Railway]] (KCR) was opened to the public. The last stop on the Chinese side was [[Shenzhen railway station]], helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to the world.<ref name="Sohu-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_12/19/32252573_0.shtml|title=百年深圳铁路|website=news.ifeng.com|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831133538/http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_12/19/32252573_0.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1913, the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from [[Xin'an County|another county of the same name]] in [[Henan]] Province.<ref name="szmc2" />

During the [[Canton–Hong Kong strike]] in 1925, the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]] set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chachaba.com/news/html/qingming/lvyou/20100326/1057.html|script-title=zh:深圳地区的革命史迹_查查吧|website=chachaba.com|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=12 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112234931/http://www.chachaba.com/news/html/qingming/lvyou/20100326/1057.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by the strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931 [[Chen Jitang]] and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://industrialhistoryhk.org/kcrc-railway-british-section-3-early-years-1910-1940/|title=The Kowloon Canton Railway (British Section) Part 4 – The Early Years (1910 to 1940) – The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group|website=industrialhistoryhk.org|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023010215/https://industrialhistoryhk.org/kcrc-railway-british-section-3-early-years-1910-1940/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] occupied Shenzhen and [[Nantou (historic town)|Nantou]],<ref name="szmc2" /> forcing the [[Bao'an County]] government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cppcc.people.com.cn/GB/45580/45598/14446834.html|script-title=zh:台盟深圳市委筹委会呼吁缅怀三洲田起义丰功|author=秦志勇|date=2003-06-24|work=中国政协新闻|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203095105/http://cppcc.people.com.cn/GB/45580/45598/14446834.html|archive-date=2014-02-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huizhou.cn/zt2011/xhgm/qy/201105/t20110531_533981.htm|script-title=zh:惠州三洲田起义 |date=2011-05-31|script-work=zh:今日惠州|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525095727/http://www.huizhou.cn/zt2011/xhgm/qy/201105/t20110531_533981.htm|archive-date=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1941, the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese army]] tried to cross into Hong Kong through the [[Lo Wu Bridge]] in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-08/21/content_1037876.htm|script-title=zh:百年罗湖桥走进历史|author=李南玲|date=2003-08-21|work=Xinhua |access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627202807/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-08/21/content_1037876.htm|archive-date=2004-06-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1950s to 1980 ===
In 1953, four years after the founding of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen, since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou.<ref name="szmc2" /> From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw [[Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong|a huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong]] from the upheavals that were occurring in [[mainland China]], and a range from 100,000<ref name="tao2">{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2010-12-08/070421601059.shtml|title=学者记录深圳30年大逃港 百万内地人曾越境香港|author=中国青年报|date=2010-12-08|work=新浪新闻|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211084655/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2010-12-08/070421601059.shtml|archive-date=2010-12-11|url-status=live}}</ref> to 560,000<ref name="tao1">{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/10/1209/03/6NEC4DSQ00014AED.html|title="大逃港"催生深圳经济特区|author=武汉晨报|date=2010-12-08|work=网易新闻|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907123927/http://news.163.com/10/1209/03/6NEC4DSQ00014AED.html|archive-date=2017-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref> refugees resided in the county.

In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County.<ref name="HuizhouMuniCommittee-2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.szb.sz.gov.cn/szjyj/201512/t20151207_3382696.htm|script-title=zh:深圳特区建立过程中惠阳地区的历史作用|date=2015-12-07|work=中共惠州市委党史研究室课题组|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418220707/http://www.szb.sz.gov.cn/szjyj/201512/t20151207_3382696.htm|archive-date=2017-04-18|url-status=live}}</ref> In May, the investigation team wrote the "Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report" and proposed to turn Bao'an County and [[Zhuhai]] into commodity export bases. In August 1978, the [[Huiyang District]] Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the "Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen". On 18 October, the Standing Committee of the [[Guangdong]] Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-level [[prefecture-level city]] with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and the Bao'an County Committee, however, defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen, claiming that people in the world know more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County.

On 23 January 1979, the [[Guangdong]] provincial administration and the district of [[Huiyang District|Huiyang]] announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into effect by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] on March 5 of that year.<ref name="HuizhouMuniCommittee-2015" /> Also, the city would establish six districts: [[Luohu District|Luohu]], Nantou, Songgang, [[Longhua District, Shenzhen|Longhua]], [[Longgang District, Shenzhen|Longgang]] and Kuiyong. On 31 January 1979, the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Central Committee of the Communist Party]] approved a plan to establish the [[Shekou|Shekou Industrial Zone]] in Shenzhen with the purpose "to lead domestic, overseas, and diversified operations, industrial and commercial integration, and trading" based on the systems of that of Hong Kong and [[Macau]].<ref name="1月31日，中央决定成立招商局蛇口工业区">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmhk.com/main/a/2015/k13/a20127_20182.shtml|script-title=zh:1月31日，中央决定成立招商局蛇口工业区|date=2010-01-31|work=深圳特区报|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165023/http://www.cmhk.com/main/a/2015/k13/a20127_20182.shtml|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The Shekou Industrial Zone project was led by Hong Kong-based [[China Merchants Group]] under [[Yuan Geng]]'s leadership and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China.

At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee of [[Guangdong]] Province discussed and proposed to the [[Central Committee]] to set up a "trade cooperation zone" in Shenzhen, [[Zhuhai]], and [[Shantou]].<ref name="HuizhouMuniCommittee-2015" /> In the same month, the Central Working Conference decided on the "Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income" and agreed to pilot the first [[Special economic zones of China|special economic zones]] (SEZ) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and [[Xiamen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://30.people.com.cn/GB/122679/8048595.html|script-title=zh:1979年4月邓小平第一次正式提出办特区的主张|date=2008-09-16|work=[[Beijing Daily]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825142739/http://30.people.com.cn/GB/122679/8048595.html|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> In November, Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration.<ref name="BaoanDaily-2012" /> Hundreds of small villages nearby, such as Yumin Cun, were incorporated into Shenzhen.<ref name=":Chatwin">{{Cite book |last=Chatwin |first=Jonathan |title=The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |year=2024 |isbn=9781350435711}}</ref>{{Rp|page=60}}

=== Special Economic Zone (1980s–present) ===
[[File:Shenchen in 1982.jpg|thumb|Billboards of high-rise construction in Shenzhen, 1982]]
In 1980, Shenzhen had a population of 30,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=29}} In May 1980 the Central Committee designated Shenzhen as the first SEZ in China,<ref name="szmc2" /><ref name="Newsweek IS Fish">{{cite magazine|author=Fish, Isaac Stone|date=25 September 2010|title=A New Shenzhen|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/25/china-s-hottest-cities-and-kashgar.html|url-status=live|magazine=Newsweek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429184142/http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/25/china-s-hottest-cities-and-kashgar.html|archive-date=29 April 2014|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> which was promoted by then-[[paramount leader]] [[Deng Xiaoping]] as part of China's [[Chinese economic reform|reform and opening-up]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shenzhen Continues to lead China's reform and opening-up|publisher=中国网|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/44680.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709180218/http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/44680.htm|archive-date=9 July 2018|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> Its objective is to be an experimental ground for the practice of [[market capitalism]] within a community guided by the ideals of [[Socialist market economy|socialism with Chinese characteristics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stoltenberg |first1=Clyde D. |title=China's Special Economic Zones: Their Development and Prospects |journal=Asian Survey |date=1984 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=637–654 |doi=10.2307/2644396 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Holmes |first1=Frank |title=China's New Special Economic Zone Evokes Memories Of Shenzhen |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/04/21/chinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen/ |date=21 Apr 2017 |website=Forbes |access-date=22 March 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322005508/https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/04/21/chinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economist">{{cite news|date=23 January 2010|title=The spirit of enterprise fades: Capitalism in China |newspaper=The Economist |volume=394 |issue=8666 |page=61 |url=http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15331470|access-date=28 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128042804/http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15331470|archive-date=28 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 August, the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] (NPC) approved the "Regulations of the Guangdong Special Economic Zone."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lfs.gd-info.cn/shtml/guangdong/gdgl/jjtq/2011/05/05/48219.shtml|script-title=zh:深圳经济特区|date=2011-05-05|work=广东省情网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122904/http://lfs.gd-info.cn/shtml/guangdong/gdgl/jjtq/2011/05/05/48219.shtml|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

In March 1981 Shenzhen was promoted to a [[sub-provincial division]].<ref name="szmc">{{cite news|url=http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/zjsz/szgl/201107/t20110712_1675686.htm |script-title=zh:深圳概貌 |publisher=Shenzhen People's Government |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104124510/http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/zjsz/szgl/201107/t20110712_1675686.htm |archive-date=4 November 2011 }}</ref><ref name="szmc2">{{cite news |url=http://www.cctv.com/life/20030807/100997.shtml |script-title=zh:深圳历史沿革 |work=[[China Central Television]] |date=7 August 2003 |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602160001/http://www.cctv.com/life/20030807/100997.shtml |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/book.aspx?cid=7&tid=8&pid=528&aid=530|title=2006年1月|website=mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416055414/http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/book.aspx?cid=7&tid=8&pid=528&aid=530|url-status=live}}</ref> To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line border.<ref name="Southern Metropolis Daily-2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.oeeee.com/html/201412/23/239363.html |script-title=zh:二线关 将说真正的再见|date=2014-12-23 |publisher=Southern Metropolis Daily |access-date=2015-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907122321/http://www.oeeee.com/html/201412/23/239363.html|archive-date=2017-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="exg1">{{cite news|url=http://jt.sz.bendibao.com/news/201068/210926_2.htm |script-title=zh:深圳二线关是怎么来的|author=交通动态|date=2010-06-08|work=深圳本地宝|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822011808/http://jt.sz.bendibao.com/news/201068/210926_2.htm|archive-date=2011-08-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of Shenzhen's urban development in the 1980s focused in the area around the old border crossing and the market town.<ref name=":Chatwin" />{{Rp|page=61}} Its [[urbanization]] was typical for the 1980s.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=157}}

[[File:1998年春节莲花山顶 Shenzhen 1998 - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|[[Futian District|Futian]] [[Central business district|CBD]] in the spring of 1998 from [[Lianhuashan Park]]]]
[[File:Civic Center, Shenzhen Lianhuashan Park (2018.9) Daytime.jpg|right|thumb|Futian CBD from [[Lianhuashan Park]] in 2018]]
In December 1990, under the authority of the [[China Securities Regulatory Commission]], the [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange]] was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.szse.cn/main/aboutus/bsjs/bsjj/index.shtml |script-title=zh:关于本所|publisher=[[Shenzhen Stock Exchange]]|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026164212/http://www.szse.cn/main/aboutus/bsjs/bsjj/index.shtml|archive-date=2011-10-26|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations.<ref name="szmc23" /> In 1996 and early 1997, the [[Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel]] in Shenzhen was home to the [[Provisional Legislative Council]] and [[Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong]] in preparation for the [[handover of Hong Kong]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2012978/explained-how-hong-kongs-legislative-council-has|title=Explained:how Hong Kong's Legislative Council has evolved|last=Singh|first=Harminder|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=2 September 2016|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329034505/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2012978/explained-how-hong-kongs-legislative-council-has|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/intro/hist_lc.htm|title=Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region – History of the Legislature|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209222437/http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/intro/hist_lc.htm|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Perry, Alex|url=http://www.time.com:80/time/asia/biz/magazine/0,9754,108014,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603070802/http://www.time.com/time/asia/biz/magazine/0,9754,108014,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2001|title=Crossing The Line| magazine=Time Asia| date=2001-05-07| volume=157| issue=18| access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while the same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time, Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting of [[APEC China 2001]] on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port.<ref>{{Cite web| title=2001APEC| url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-apec/apec-2001/2.htm| access-date=2020-06-04| website=china.org.cn| archive-date=10 October 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010162614/http://www.china.org.cn/e-apec/apec-2001/2.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2009-05/27/content_17841079.htm |script-title=zh:《深圳市综合配套改革总体方案》获国务院批准|date=2009-05-26|publisher=新华网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825145027/http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2009-05/27/content_17841079.htm|archive-date=2017-08-25|url-status=live|access-date=2017-02-01}}</ref>

On 1 July 2010 the State Council dissolved the "second line", and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size.<ref name="exg">{{cite news|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2010/07-02/2376452.shtml |script-title=zh:深圳特区范围1日起扩至全市 解决"一市两法"|author=郑小红|date=2010-07-02 |script-work=zh:中国新闻网|access-date=2011-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204043829/http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2010/07-02/2376452.shtml|archive-date=2014-02-04|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for [[Qianhai]] Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone."<ref name="国务院批复前海深港现代服务业合作区发展规划">{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-08/27/content_1689210.htm|script-title=zh:国务院批复"前海深港现代服务业合作区发展规划"|date=2010-08-27|publisher=新华社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825151658/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-08/27/content_1689210.htm|archive-date=2017-08-25|url-status=live|access-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> In August 2011, the city hosted the [[2011 Summer Universiade|26th Universiade]], an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/shenzhen2011/index.html | title=Universiade Shenzhen 2011 | access-date=19 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317050934/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/shenzhen2011/index.html | archive-date=17 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly established [[Guangdong Free-Trade Zone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qhsk.china-gdftz.gov.cn/zwgk/zmqgh/ztgk/201604/t20160406_36077909.html |script-title=zh:总体概况|date=2016-04-06|script-work=zh:广东自贸试验区前海蛇口片区|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027111843/http://qhsk.china-gdftz.gov.cn/zwgk/zmqgh/ztgk/201604/t20160406_36077909.html|archive-date=2016-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>

On 18 August 2019 the [[Government of China|central government]] in [[Beijing]] unveiled reform plans covering economic, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3023330/beijing-unveils-detailed-reform-plan-make-shenzhen-model-city|title=China unveils detailed reform plan to make Shenzhen model city for world|date=2019-08-18|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010163024/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3023330/beijing-unveils-detailed-reform-plan-make-shenzhen-model-city|url-status=live}}</ref> labeling Shenzhen a pilot demonstration zone for socialism with Chinese characteristics.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231211017}}</ref>{{Rp|page=58}}