Editing Shenyang (section)

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Xinle Civilisation Shenyang China.JPG|thumb|left|Xinle Ruins]]
Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8000&nbsp;years ago. The remains of the [[Xinle culture]], a late [[Neolithic period]] society over 6800–7200&nbsp;years old,<ref name=":1">''Archaeology of Asia'', pp.&nbsp;129</ref> are located in a museum in the north part of [[Huanggu District]]. It is complemented by a recreated village on site.

The city now known as Shenyang was first established {{circa|300&nbsp;BCE}} during the [[Warring States period]] by [[Yan (state)|Yan]] general [[Qin Kai (general)|Qin Kai]], who conquered the [[Liaodong]] region from [[Gojoseon]].<ref>{{cite book |language=zh |author=陈寿 |script-title=zh:三国志·魏志·东夷传 |year=2000 |publisher=浙江古籍出版社 |script-quote=zh:昔萁子之后北朝鲜侯, 自称为王, 后子孙稍骄虐, 燕乃遣将秦开, 攻其西方, 取地两千余里, 至满番汗为界, 朝鲜遂弱.}}</ref> It was then named Hou City ({{zhi|t=侯城|p=Hóu Chéng}}). Around 350 years later, during the reign of [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]], the city was sacked and burnt by the [[Donghu people|Donghu]] nomads and subsequently abandoned. The area of modern Shenyang was divided between two [[commandery (China)|commanderies]] called [[Liaodong Commandery|Liaodong]] and [[Xuantu Commandery|Xuantu]] {{circa|107&nbsp;CE|lk=no}}. Liaodong was seized by a Han governor in 189. Liaodong and Xuantu were briefly united under [[Cao Wei]] and the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]]. The region was in disarray during the fourth century until the [[Goguryeo]] occupied both commanderies in 404. Under Goguryeo, the city was called Gaemo. They established the cities of Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng in the region. The [[Sui dynasty]] recaptured the area and established a new Liaodong Commandery in what is now modern Shenyang. In 645, the [[Tang dynasty]] [[Goguryeo–Tang War|invaded Goguryeo]] and captured Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng. Soon after, Liaodong was administratively reorganized and enjoyed nearly 250 years of stability and development.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year=1996 |isbn=1-884964-04-4 |editor-last=Schellinger |editor-first=Paul |location=Chicago |page=744 |editor-last2=Salkin |editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>

In 916, the Shenyang region was captured by the [[Liao dynasty]] and was known as Shen Prefecture ({{zhi|t=瀋州|p=Shěn Zhōu}}) until the end of [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (who conquered the region in 1116). The area became known as the Shenyang Circuit ({{zhi|t=瀋陽路|p=Shěnyáng Lù}}) during the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref name="中国网沈阳历史">{{cite web |url=http://www.china.com.cn/city/zhuanti/07lnx/2007-06/07/content_8357641.htm |script-title=zh:沈阳历史 |script-website=zh:中国网 |access-date=2014-05-29 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318032642/http://www.china.com.cn/city/zhuanti/07lnx/2007-06/07/content_8357641.htm |archive-date=2013-03-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the fall of the Yuan, Shenyang came under the control of the [[Ming dynasty]], and it was designated a guard town named Shenyang Central Guard ({{zhi|t=瀋陽中衛|p=Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi}}). During the Ming dynasty, Shenyang became one of the most important Chinese military strongholds beyond the [[Shanhai Pass]].

===Manchu period===
[[File:Mukden Palace in Shenyang.jpg|thumb|The [[Mukden Palace]]]]
[[File:盛京城阙图.jpg|thumb|Map of Shengjing Inner City in 1660s]]
In 1625, the Jurchen leader [[Nurhaci]] [[Battle of Shen-Liao|captured Shenyang from the Ming]] and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructure to the city, which was then called {{tlit|mnc|Simiyan}} hoton ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ <br />ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ}}}})in the [[Manchu language]], Simiyan itself being the Manchu's homophonic translation of the Korean's rendering of the name Shenyang (심양).<ref name=Ebrey2010pp220224>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |first=Patricia |last=Ebrey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-12433-1 |pages=220–224}}</ref> The official name was changed to Mukden ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc| ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ}}}}), or Shengjing ({{zhi|t=盛京|p=Shèng Jīng|l=rising capital}}) in 1634. The new name derives from the [[Manchu]] word, {{tlit|mnc|mukdembi}} ({{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ}}}}), meaning 'to rise' as reflected also by its Han Chinese name.<ref name="盛京史话"/> Under [[Nurhaci]]'s orders, the [[Mukden Palace|Imperial Palace]] was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the city's emerging status as the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.<ref name="盛京史话">{{cite web |url=http://www.lndangan.gov.cn/lnsdaj/jcln/msmf/content/4028eaa228fb517a0128fb557fae1891.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233938/http://www.lndangan.gov.cn/lnsdaj/jcln/msmf/content/4028eaa228fb517a0128fb557fae1891.html |archive-date=2013-12-02 |script-title=zh:盛京城史话 |publisher=辽宁省档案信息网 |access-date=2014-05-28 |language=zh}}</ref>

After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the [[Shun dynasty|Shun]] army in the [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]] just a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the [[Shanhai Pass]] to establish the [[Qing dynasty]] in [[China proper]]. The capital was subsequently relocated from Shenyang to [[Beijing]]. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and spiritual home of the [[Qing dynasty]] through the centuries.<ref name="盛京史话"/> Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture ({{zhi|t=奉天府|p=Fèngtiān Fǔ}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ <br />ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ <br />ᡶᡠ}}|v=abkai imiyangga fu|a=abkai imiyangga fu}} or {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ}}|v=fung tiyian|a=fung tiyian}}) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cathay.ce.cn/history/201005/14/t20100514_21397914.shtml |script-title=zh:三陵巷 三陵衙门和盛京将军 |script-work=zh:中国经济网 |access-date=2013-05-01 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515132813/http://cathay.ce.cn/history/201005/14/t20100514_21397914.shtml |archive-date=2013-05-15}}</ref>

===Russian and Japanese influence===
[[File:Map of Shenyang in 1919.jpg|thumb|Japanese-administered zone (red) and the old Shenyang city (violet) in 1919]]
After the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894–1895, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] coerced the annexation of the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] with the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] in 1895, but had to give it up due to diplomatic pressure from the 1895 [[Triple Intervention]]. In the aftermath of the Japanese threat, [[Qing China|Qing]] viceroy [[Li Hongzhang]] visited Moscow in 1896 and [[Li–Lobanov Treaty|signed a secret treaty]] with Russian foreign minister [[Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky]], allowing the [[Russian Empire]] to build [[Chinese Eastern Railway|a Russian-gauge railway]] through Manchuria, which opened the door towards further Russian expansionism in the form of [[Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula|another lease convention in 1898]], effectively allowing Russia to annex [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]] in all but name. However, after the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in 1900, [[Russian Empire|Russian]] forces used that anti-foreigner insurgency as a pretext to formally invade and occupy most of Manchuria, and Mukden became a Russian stronghold in the [[Far East]] with the building of what would become the [[South Manchurian Railway]] - from [[Harbin]] via Mukden to [[Russian Dalian|Dalny]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_93gAAAAAYAAJ |quote=mukden russians day before formally. |title=The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68 |year=1904 |publisher=The Century Co. |location=NEW YORK |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_93gAAAAAYAAJ/page/n588 581] |access-date=2011-07-06}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOfUAAAAMAAJ&q=russians+mukden+formally |title=The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68 |author=Making of America Project |year=1904 |publisher=Scribner & Co. |location=NEW YORK |page=581 |access-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130527132705/http://books.google.com/books?id=fOfUAAAAMAAJ&q=russians+mukden+formally#v=snippet&q=russians%20mukden%20formally&f=false |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status= live}}(Original from the University of Michigan)</ref>

During the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905), Mukden became the site of the [[Battle of Mukden]] from February 19 to March 10, 1905.<ref name="historyofmodernworld">{{Harvnb|Palmer|Colton|Kramer|2007|p=673}}</ref><ref name="Tucker2009">{{cite book |author=Spencer C. Tucker |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1542 |access-date= 27 April 2013 |date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-5 |page=1542 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140111115553/http://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1542 |archive-date= 11 January 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since the [[Battle of Leipzig]] in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before [[World War II]].<ref name="Menning p.187">Menning p.187</ref> Following this Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern [[Manchuria]]. It also became the government seat of [[Fengtian province]] in 1910.<ref name="zyj">{{cite journal |author=刘思铎、陈伯超 |year=2013 |script-title=zh:奉天省咨议局建筑特点研究 |script-journal= zh:《华中建筑》 |issue=4}}</ref> Mukden became one of the main epicenters of the [[Manchurian plague]] (1910–1911), which ultimately resulted in approximately 60,000 deaths.<ref name=":0">
{{Cite web |url=https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11 |title=Manchurian plague, 1910-11 |last=Meiklejohn |first=Iain |website=Disaster History |language=en-GB |access-date=23 April 2020}}
</ref>

===Warlord Era and Japanese occupation===
[[File:Huanggutun Incident.jpg|thumb|left|Zhang Zuolin's train after the [[Huanggutun Incident]]]]
[[File:Mukden 1931 japan shenyang.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese troops entering Shenyang during Mukden Incident]]
In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shenhe.mofcom.gov.cn/gk.shtml |script-title=zh:沈阳市沈河区外经贸之窗 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]], Shenhe District |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131221093933/http://shenhe.mofcom.gov.cn/gk.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of the 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/{{lang|zh|奉天}}" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/{{lang|zh-hant|瀋陽}} ({{lang|zh|奉天}})" datestamp was used until 1933.

In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The [[Shenyang Railway Station]] on the [[South Manchurian Railway]] and the [[Shenyang North Railway Station]] on the [[Beijing–Harbin Railway|Jingfeng Railway]], both west of the old city, became the new commercial centers of Shenyang.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954633.htm |script-title=zh:追溯沈阳行政区划的百年印记 |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111530/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954633.htm |archive-date=2013-12-24}}</ref> In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]], who was later assassinated when [[Huanggutun Incident|his train was blown up on 4 June 1928]]<ref>Hata 288</ref> at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2005-05/27/content_3010148.htm |script-title=zh:日本早期对华侵略: 皇姑屯事件 |work=[[Xinhua]] |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230181600/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2005-05/27/content_3010148.htm |archive-date=2013-12-30 }}</ref> At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture [[ammunition]] in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.<ref name="syrb">{{cite news |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/syrb/html/2009-02/12/content_437143.htm |script-title=zh:奉天军械厂 |date=2009-02-12 |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |access-date=2014-05-29 |author=李彤 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228002719/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/syrb/html/2009-02/12/content_437143.htm |archive-date=2013-12-28 }}</ref>

At around 10:20 pm on 18 September 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the Japanese [[South Manchuria Railway Company]] by [[Kwantung Army]] Lt. Kawamoto Suemori.<ref>''The Cambridge History of Japan: The twentieth century'', p. 294, Peter Duus, John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-521-22357-7}}</ref><ref name="sjzrb">{{cite news |script-title=zh:82年前"九一八" |url=http://history.gmw.cn/2013-09/16/content_8923090.htm |script-work=zh:《石家庄日报》 |date=2013-09-16 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130061640/http://history.gmw.cn/2013-09/16/content_8923090.htm |archive-date=2014-11-30 }}</ref> The [[Imperial Japanese Army]], accusing Chinese dissidents of the act, then used the [[false flag]] explosion as pretext to launch a full attack on Mukden, and captured the city the following morning (September 19).<ref name="sjzrb"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Behr |first=Edward |title=The Last Emperor |publisher=Bantam |date=1987 |isbn=0-553-34474-9 |page=182}}</ref> After the [[Mukden Incident]], the Japanese further invaded and occupied the rest of Northeast China, and created the [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]] with the deposed emperor [[Aisin Gioro Puyi]] as the [[figurehead]].<ref>Fenby, Jonathan. ''Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost''. Carroll & Graf: 2003, p. 202</ref> During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945), the city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English),<ref name="满洲奉天">{{cite news |author=詹德华 |script-title=zh:初建,一个工业区的诞生 |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2012-04/06/content_790221.htm |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412062948/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2012-04/06/content_790221.htm |archive-date=2012-04-12}}</ref> and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry.<ref name="满洲奉天"/><ref name="四次城市规划">{{cite web |author=卫岚 |url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/467/4223467.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111659/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/467/4223467.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-24 |script-title=zh:沈阳四次编制城市总体规划 |script-work=zh:东北新闻网 |access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref> Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads.<ref name="日本占领时期">{{cite web |script-title=zh:辽宁沈阳简介 |url=http://ua.sjtu.edu.cn/specialsubject/36city/shenyang.htm |publisher=农业部都市重点实验室 |access-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212180556/http://ua.sjtu.edu.cn/specialsubject/36city/shenyang.htm |archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref> For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Prasenjit-Duara/1715 |title=The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo in comparative perspective |author=Prasenjit Duara |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616115234/http://japanfocus.org/-Prasenjit-Duara/1715 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions.<ref name="四次城市规划"/>

===Post-World War II===
[[File:The Fall of Shenyang.jpg|thumb|left|[[People's Liberation Army]] [[Type 97 Chi-Ha]] tanks advancing into Shenyang during the [[Liaoshen Campaign]]]]
Under [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]], the Far East Command<ref name="Battlefield Series">[https://archive.today/20121209092119/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IA "Battlefield – Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory"], [[Battlefield (documentary series)]], 2001, 98 minutes.</ref> of the [[Red Army]] occupied Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan.<ref name="Glantz">LTC David M. Glantz, [http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171601/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf|date=March 3, 2016}}. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, [[Fort Leavenworth]] [[Kansas]].<!-- Mirrored at, or redirected from/to, {{cite web |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621210601/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archive-date=2009-06-21}} --></ref> On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor [[Puyi]] was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviets while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan.<ref name="Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor">{{cite news |last=Mydans |first=Seth |title=Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 1997}}</ref> On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied [[Northeast China]] and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized the people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by [[Soviet occupation of Manchuria|Soviet occupation authorities]] from "three days of rape and pillage".<ref name=CSM>Christian Science Monitor, 12 October 1945.<br />''Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation.''</ref><ref name=FCJones>{{cite book |author=F. C. Jones |year=1949 |title=Manchuria since 1931 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |location=London, Oxford University Press |chapter=Chapter XII – Events in Manchuria, 1945–47 |pages=224–5, 227–9 |url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219040912/http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2 |archive-date=2013-12-19}} ''(The relevant sections also appear at [[Talk:Soviet invasion of Manchuria/Events in Manchuria, 1945-47]])''</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0 |url-access=registration |quote=mukden berlin rape and pillage. |title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China |author=Hannah Pakula |year=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0/page/530 530] |isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA82 |title=The Soviet Union and communist China, 1945–1950: the arduous road to the alliance |author=Dieter Heinzig |year=2004 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=82 |isbn=0-7656-0785-9 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617221659/http://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&pg=PA82&dq=red+army+rape+manchuria#v=onepage&q=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&f=false |archive-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=falbrObQ11IC&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA86 |title=The geopolitics of East Asia: the search for equilibrium |author=Robyn Lim |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=86 |isbn=0-415-29717-6 |access-date=2010-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214021526/http://books.google.com/books?id=falbrObQ11IC&lpg=PA86&dq=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&f=false |archive-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hE2xFxbca0C&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA33 |title=In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia |author=[[Ronald H. Spector]] |year=2008 |publisher=Random House, Inc. |page=33 |isbn=978-0-8129-6732-6 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617221650/http://books.google.com/books?id=9hE2xFxbca0C&lpg=PA33&dq=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q=red%20army%20rape%20manchuria&f=false |archive-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sydjfycgjg"/><ref name="沈阳解放改变世界">{{cite news |language=zh-hans |url=http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954617.htm |script-title=zh:1948年, 沈阳解放改变了中国与世界 |script-work=zh:《沈阳晚报》 |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023081405/http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-10/29/content_954617.htm |archive-date=2014-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://culture.inewsweek.cn/20131102/detail-74055-all.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214151127/http://culture.inewsweek.cn/20131102/detail-74055-all.html |archive-date=2013-12-14 |script-title=zh:1948年11月2日 沈阳解放 |script-work=zh:中国新闻周刊网 |access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref>

The Soviets were replaced by the [[Republic of China Army]], who were flown in on U.S. transport planes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Zhang Mingjin ({{lang|zh-hant|張明金}}) |author2=Liu Liqin ({{lang|zh-hant|劉立勤}}) |script-title=zh:《國民黨歷史上的158個軍》 |year=2007 |publisher=解放軍出版社 |location=Beijing }}</ref> During the [[Chinese Civil War]], Shenyang remained a [[Kuomintang]] stronghold supplied by [[Claire Lee Chennault]]'s [[Civil Air Transport]] from 1946 to 1948, although the [[Chinese Communist Party]] controlled the surrounding countryside.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank. |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Zhu Yuepeng ({{lang|zh-hans|朱悦鹏}}) |script-title=zh:《东北解放战争纪实》 |publisher=长征出版社 |location=Beijing }}</ref> By February 1948 the city was suffering from drastic shortages, and by the summer 140,000 refugees per month were fleeing. It was captured by the [[People's Liberation Army]] on October 30, 1948, following a series of offensives led by [[Lin Biao]] known as the [[Liaoshen Campaign]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="sydjfycgjg">{{Citation |author=Yu Huating ({{lang|zh|于化庭}}) |script-title=zh:沈阳的解放与成功接管 |script-journal=zh:《党史纵横》 |issue=8 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref name="亲历记">{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=文史资料研究委员会 |script-title=zh:辽沈战役亲历记 -原国民党将领的回忆 |edition=1992年版 |publisher=[[Chinese Literature and History Press]] |location=Beijing |date=April 1992 |isbn=7-5034-0559-7}}</ref>

Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang managed to grow and increase its industrial might during consecutive wars with [[Russo-Japanese War|Russia]] and [[First Sino-Japanese War|Japan]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Second World War]], and [[Chinese Communist Revolution|China's Civil War]] (Shenyang became the main battleground between the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] and [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]]).

=== 21st century ===
Directed by state efforts to reduce [[Pollution in China|pollution]] and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergone [[deindustrialization]], with the shutdown of large plants.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Emerging Identity: Envisioning Eco-cultural Infrastructure in Post Industrial Shenyang, China |url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu:443/researchworks/handle/1773/40213 |date=2017 |degree=MLA |language=en-US |first=Shuyi |last=Gao |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Sangbum |date=2004 |title=Economic Globalization and the Environment in China: A Comparative Case Study of Shenyang and Dalian |journal=The Journal of Environment & Development |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=263–294 |doi=10.1177/1070496504268352 |jstor=44319696 |s2cid=154554360 |issn=1070-4965}}</ref> Most notably, a large 1930s [[Smelting|smelter]] in the central city was closed in 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byrd |first=William |title=The Shenyang smelter: a case study of problems and reforms in China's nonferrous metals industry |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1985/12/01/000009265_3980901130825/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf |journal=World Bank Staff Working Papers |series=766 |language=English |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shenyang Shuts Down Polluting Smelter |url=http://en.people.cn/english/200007/03/eng20000703_44500.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref> The redevelopment of former polluted industrial land has resulted in [[gentrification]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomba |first=Luigi |date=2017-08-21 |title=Gentrifying China's Urbanization? Why Culture and Capital Aren't Enough: Interventions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2427.12494 |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.12494}}</ref>