Editing Sheffield (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Sheffield}}
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| quote = {{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} [[Kingdom of England]] c. 12th century – 1707<br>
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] 1707–1801<br>
{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] 1801–1922<br>
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] 1922–present
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===Early history===
[[File:Ruins of Sheffield Manor 1819 1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lithograph drawing showing a large stately home in ruins|[[Sheffield Manor]] ruins as they appeared {{circa|1819}}]]
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late [[Upper Paleolithic]], about 12,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Alistair W. G. |last2=Gilmour |first2=Mabs |last3=Pettitt |first3=Paul |last4=Jacobid |first4=Roger |last5=Ripoll |first5=Sergio |last6=Bahn |first6=Paul |last7=Muñoz |first7=Francisco |year=2005 |title=Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1649–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002|bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1649P }}</ref> The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at [[Creswell Crags]] to the east of the city. In the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] the area became the southernmost territory of the [[Pennines|Pennine]] tribe called the [[Brigantes]]. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several [[hillfort]]s in and around Sheffield.<ref name=VICKERS/>

Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic]] kingdom of [[Elmet]], with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of [[Mercia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cox |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet |journal=The Barwicker |volume=39 |page=43 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gradually, [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] settlers pushed west from the kingdom of [[Deira]]. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called [[Wales, South Yorkshire|Wales]] and Waleswood close to Sheffield.<ref>The word ''Wales'' derives from the Germanic word ''[[Walhaz]]'', and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, [[Sidney Oldall Addy|S.O. Addy]], in his ''A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield'', p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in {{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |year=1989 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=0-19-210019-X |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Roud |first2=Stephen}}</ref> The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Danelaw|Danish]] origin.<ref name="VICKERS">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=J.&nbsp;Edward |title=Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany |year=1999 |edition=2nd |publisher=The Hallamshire Press Limited |isbn=1-874718-44-X}}</ref> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of [[Mercia]] and [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]]. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' reports that [[Eanred of Northumbria]] submitted to [[Egbert of Wessex]] at the hamlet of [[Dore, South Yorkshire|Dore]] (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,<ref>In an entry dated 827, the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" ([http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html transcription] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html |date=13 April 2018 }}). Most sources (for example Vickers, ''Old Sheffield Town'') state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.</ref> a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the [[House of Wessex]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fry |first=Plantagenet Somerset |title=The Kings & Queens of England & Scotland |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Atlantic Press |isbn=0-8021-1386-9 |author-link=Plantagenet Somerset Fry |page=[https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11}}</ref>

After the [[Norman conquest of England]], insurrection by the populace led to the devastation of the Sheffield area during the [[Harrying of the North]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |title=Hallamshire |page=20}}</ref> and [[Sheffield Castle]] was built to control the ruined local settlements. A small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Joseph |title=[[Hallamshire]]: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York |publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones |year=1819 |pages=24–29 |chapter=Sheffield under [[Roger de Busli|De Busli]] and [[William de Lovetot|De Lovetot]]}}</ref> By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as [[Castle Square, Sheffield|Castle Square]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |title=Markets history – 1700s and before |access-date=7 October 2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref> and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small [[market town]]. In the 14th&nbsp;century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of [[knives]], as mentioned in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'',<ref>[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] in [[The Reeve's Prologue and Tale|The Reeve's Tale]] from his book ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"</ref> and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of [[cutlery]] manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the [[Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hey |first=David |title=Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire |editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Hey |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |pages=12–25 |chapter=The Establishment of the Cutlers Company |isbn=0-19-828997-9}}</ref> From 1570 to 1584, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and [[Sheffield Manor]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leader |first=John Daniel |title=Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen |url=https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00lead_0 |publisher=Leader & Sons |year=1880 |oclc=57701910 |isbn=1-177-40664-0}}</ref>

===Industrial Revolution===
[[File:'Owd Shevvield'.jpg|thumb|left|alt=19th century picture of Sheffield|Sheffield in the 19th century. The dominance of industry in the city is evident.]]
[[File:13th December 1940- Sheffield blitz - NARA - 196508.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Bombing in Sheffield during the Sheffield Blitz, WW2.|Sheffield was targeted heavily by the [[Luftwaffe]] during WW2, owing to the city's industrial importance. The bombing campaign became known as the [[Sheffield Blitz]].]]
During the 1740s, a form of the [[crucible steel]] process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.<ref name="Tweedale1986">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3105143 |last=Tweedale |first=Geoffrey |year=1986 |title=Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930 |jstor=3105143 |journal=Technology and Culture |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=189–222|s2cid=112532430 }}</ref> In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as [[Sheffield plate]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Phillips |first=Helen&nbsp;L. |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |edition=online |year=2004 |chapter=Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/53918}}</ref> These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,<ref>{{cite book |last=Southall |first=Aidan William |title=The city in time and space |url=https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491/page/n315 306]–419 |chapter=The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse |isbn=0-521-78432-8}}</ref> but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th&nbsp;centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a [[cholera]] epidemic that killed 402&nbsp;people in 1832.<ref name="VICKERS"/> The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th&nbsp;century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901.<ref name="VICKERS"/> The [[Sheffield and Rotherham Railway|Sheffield and Rotherham railway]] was constructed in 1838, connecting the two towns. The town was incorporated as a [[borough]] in 1842, and was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] by [[letters patent]] in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |title=History of the Lord Mayor |access-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173804/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26374|date=21 February 1893|page=944}}</ref> The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new [[reservoir]]s were constructed on the outskirts of the town.

The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the [[Great Sheffield Flood]], which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Samuel |title=A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864 |publisher=S. Harrison |year=1864 |oclc=2905832 |isbn=0-904293-01-7}}</ref> In 1880 ten men from Sheffield were part of a group of 47 men who had attended a fancy-dress ball in Hulme, Manchester, but they were tried for soliciting sex between men.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Wells |first=Lauren Elizabeth |title=Male-to-Female Cross-Dressing in Yorkshire: 1870-1939 |date=2021 |degree=phd |publisher=University of Leeds |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/29988/ |language=en |page=71}}</ref> Described by historian Lauren Wells as the 'Sheffield Ten', men from the city had their addresses published in local news.<ref name=":0" />

The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired [[George Orwell]] in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the [[Old World]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |author-link=George Orwell |title=[[The Road to Wigan Pier]] |year=1937 |chapter=Chapter 7 |publisher=[[Victor Gollancz Ltd]] |page=72 |isbn=0-905712-45-5}}</ref>
[[File:Women of steel.jpg|alt=Photo of the statue Women of Steel at barker's Pool, Sheffield|thumb|upright|The ''[[Women of Steel]]'' statue commemorates the women of Sheffield who worked in the city's steel industry during the First and Second World Wars.]]

===Blitz===
{{Main|Sheffield Blitz}}
[[Great Depression|The Great Depression]] hit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and the [[Second World War]] became imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the [[Sheffield Blitz]]. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed from [[RAF Norton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |title=RAF Norton |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015185815/https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 660&nbsp;people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a 500-pound bomb, killing over 70 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Mary |last2=Lamb |first2=Joseph Percy |title=Raiders over Sheffield: the story of the air raids of 12th & 15th December 1940 |publisher=Sheffield City Libraries |year=1980 |isbn=0-900660-55-4 |oclc=7273086}}</ref>

===Post-Second World War===
{{See also|Brutalism in Sheffield}}
[[File:Parkhill2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Panorama of a brutalist housing estate|[[Park Hill, Sheffield|Park Hill flats]], an example of 1950s and 1960s council housing estates in Sheffield]]
In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the [[Park Hill, Sheffield|Park Hill flats]]. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.<ref name="VICKERS"/> In February 1962, the city was devastated by the [[Great Sheffield Gale]]; winds of up to {{cvt|97|mph}} killed four people and damaged 150,000 houses, more than two-thirds of the city's housing stock at the time.<ref name="rmets">{{cite web |last=Eden |first=Philip |title=The Sheffield Gale of 1962 |url=https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf |website=Royal Meteorological Society |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121220023/https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the [[steel crisis|closure of many steel mills]]. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian&nbsp;R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=63–72 |chapter=The catastrophic decline of Sheffield's industrial district |isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref> The building of the [[Meadowhall Centre]] on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much-needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 [[Universiade|World Student Games]], which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the [[Sheffield Arena]], [[Don Valley Stadium]] and the [[Ponds Forge]] complex.<ref name="VICKERS"/>

===21st century===
Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the ''Heart of the City Project'', with £470&nbsp;million investment,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://heartofsheffield.co.uk/|title=Home|website= Heart of Sheffield|accessdate=25 February 2025}}</ref> has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the [[Peace Gardens]] were renovated in 1998, the [[Millennium Galleries|Millennium Gallery]] opened in April 2001, the [[Sheffield Winter Gardens|Winter Gardens]] were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the [[Millennium Square (Sheffield)|Millennium Square]], was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of [[Sheaf Square]], in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |title=SI (Chris Knight, Keith Tyssen and Brett Payne) with Keiko Mukaide 'Cutting Edge', 2006 |access-date=15 March 2007 |work=Public Art Research Archive |publisher=Sheffield Hallam University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316114003/http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy0rvnvgjwqo |title=New independent retail hub opens its doors |work=BBC News |last=Modak |first=Naj |date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the [[2007 United Kingdom floods]] and the [[Winter of 2009-2010 in the United Kingdom|2010 'Big Freeze']]. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the [[Hillsborough Stadium]] flooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |title=£55m flood scheme plans backed |date=17 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106214822/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |title=Foreword {{!}} Protecting Sheffield from Flooding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055647/http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |archive-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |title=River Don Catchment Flood Management Plan |date=December 2010 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004919/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 United Kingdom floods#Sheffield|Another flood hit the city in 2019]], resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield flooding: Torrential rain leaves city flooded |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128084103/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gillett |first=Francesca |title=UK flooding: Dozens spend night in Sheffield Meadowhall shopping centre |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50341846 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108232639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50341846 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 2014 and 2018, there were [[Sheffield tree felling protests|disputes]] between the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead' [[Private Finance Initiative]] (PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council, [[Amey plc]] and the [[Department for Transport]] to maintain the city streets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Dean |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |title=Sheffield residents are involved bitter row with the council over tree-felling |work=The Independent |access-date=17 November 2015 |date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118085113/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted.<ref>{{cite web |title=New trees take root on Sheffield highways |url=http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |website=Sheffield News Room |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005324/http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |title=Sheffield council pauses tree-felling scheme after criticism |date=26 March 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 August 2021 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830105004/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2022, Sheffield was named a "[[Tree Cities of the World|Tree City of the World]]" in recognition of its work to sustainably manage and maintain urban forests and trees.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=Sheffield wins Tree City of the World accolade |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-61479873 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518022216/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-61479873 |url-status=live }}</ref> This honour was given before the release of the independent inquiry's report on the so-called "Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre". The report concluded that "thousands of healthy and loved trees were lost. Many more could have been" and was critical of Sheffield City Council. The latter issued this statement on receipt of the report: "the council has already acknowledged that it got many things wrong in the handling of the street-trees dispute, and we wish to reiterate our previous apologies for our failings".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/the-sheffield-chainsaw-massacre-inquiry-report-227-pages-of-dishonesty-and-shocking-behaviour-253655 |title=The 'Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre' inquiry report: 227 pages of dishonesty and shocking behaviour |date=22 March 2023 |work=Country Life |access-date=23 March 2023 |quote=}}</ref>