Editing Sexual revolution (section)

===First sexual revolution===
{{Further|Roaring Twenties}}
Several other periods in Western culture have been called the "first sexual revolution", to which the 1960s revolution would be the second (or later). The term "sexual revolution" itself has been used since at least the late 1920s. The term appeared as early as 1929; the book ''[[Is Sex Necessary? Or, Why You Feel the Way You Do]]'' by [[James Thurber]] and [[E. B. White]], has a chapter titled "The Sexual Revolution: Being a Rather Complete Survey of the Entire Sexual Scene".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/issexnecessaryor00thur |title=Is sex necessary? or, why you feel the way you do |last1=Thurber |first1=James |author1-link=James Thurber |last2=White |first2=E. B. |author2-link=E. B. White |publisher=Harper & Row |date=1929 |isbn=9780060911027 |via=Internet Archive Digital Library |oclc=877647 |access-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref> According to [[Konstantin Dushenko]], the term was in use in Soviet Russia in 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/87856.html |title=Mustering Most Memorable Quips |access-date=March 22, 2021 |last=Solovyova |first=Julia |date=October 28, 1997 |website=The Moscow Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504082655/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/87856.html |archive-date=May 4, 2008}}</ref>

When speaking of the sexual revolution, historians<ref>The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America. Kevin White (New York: New York University Press: 1992)</ref> make a distinction between the first and the second sexual revolution. In the first sexual revolution (1870–1910), Victorian morality lost its universal appeal. However, it did not lead to the rise of a "permissive society". Exemplary for this period is the rise and differentiation in forms of regulating sexuality.

Classics professor [[Kyle Harper]] uses the phrase "first sexual revolution" to refer to the displacement of the norms of [[sexuality in Ancient Rome]] with those of Christianity as it was adopted throughout the Roman Empire. Romans accepted and legalized prostitution, [[bisexuality]], and [[pederasty]]. Male [[promiscuity]] was considered normal and healthy as long as masculinity was maintained, associated with being the penetrating partner. In contrast, female chastity was required for respectable women, to ensure the integrity of family bloodlines. These attitudes were replaced by Christian prohibitions on homosexual acts and any sex outside marriage, including with slaves and prostitutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2018/01/the-first-sexual-revolution |title=The First Sexual Revolution / How Christianity transformed the ancient world |author=Kyle Harper |date=January 2018}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2021}}

History professor Faramerz Dabhoiwala cites the [[Age of Enlightenment]]—approximately the 18th century—as a major period of transition in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution |author=Faramerz Dabhoiwala |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199892419}}</ref> During this time, the philosophy of liberalism developed and was popularized, and migration to cities increased opportunities for sex and made enforcement of rules more difficult than in small villages. Sexual misconduct in the Catholic Church undermined the credibility of religious authorities, and the rise of urban police forces helped distinguish crime from [[sin]]. Overall, toleration increased for heterosexual sex outside marriage, including prostitution, mistresses, and pre-marital sex. Though these acts were still condemned by many as [[libertine]], infidelity became more often a civil matter than a criminal offense receiving capital punishment. [[Masturbation]], [[homosexuality]], and [[rape]] were generally less tolerated. Women went from being considered as lustful as men to passive partners, whose purity was important to reputation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/the-origins-of-sex-a-history-of-the-first-sexual-revolution/ |title=The Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution |date=February 14, 2012 |website=HistoryExtra |access-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref>

Commentators such as history professor Kevin F. White have used the phrase "first sexual revolution" to refer to the [[Roaring Twenties]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America |author=Kevin F. White |year=1992 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0814792582}}</ref> [[Victorian Era]] attitudes were somewhat destabilized by [[World War I]] and alcohol [[prohibition in the United States]]. At the same time the [[women's suffrage]] movement obtained voting rights, the subculture of the [[flapper girl]] included pre-marital sex and "petting parties".