Editing Sex-selective abortion (section)

=== High or low human sex ratio implies sex-selective abortion ===
One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105–107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion. These scholars<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hesketh T, Xing ZW | title = Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: causes and consequences | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 36 | pages = 13271–13275 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16938885 | pmc = 1569153 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0602203103 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10313271H }}</ref> claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations. Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.<ref name= "Klausen_2003">{{cite journal |  vauthors = Klausen S, Wink C | year = 2003 | title = Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate | doi = 10.1080/1354570022000077999 | journal = Feminist Economics | volume = 9 | issue = 2–3| pages = 263–299 | s2cid = 154492092 }}</ref>

In a widely cited article,<ref name= "Sen_1990">{{cite book | vauthors = Sen A | chapter = More than 100 million women are missing. | title = Gender and Justice | date = July 2017 | pages = 219–222 | publisher = Routledge }}</ref> [[Amartya Sen]] compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and the United States (105) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality. Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.<ref name=kseb />

Sen estimated [[Missing women of Asia|'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia]] if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and the United States. According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of South Asia, West Asia, North Africa and China.