Editing Senegal (section)

== History ==
{{main|History of Senegal}}

=== Early and pre-colonial eras ===
Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times and has been continuously occupied by various ethnic groups. Some kingdoms were created around the seventh century: [[Takrur]] in the sixth century, Namandiru and the [[Jolof Empire]] during the 13th and 14th centuries. Eastern Senegal was once part of the [[Ghana Empire]].

Islam was introduced through [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] and [[Soninke people|Soninke]] contact with the [[Almoravid dynasty]] of the [[Maghreb]], who in turn propagated it with the help of the Almoravids and Toucouleur allies. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religions, the Serers in particular.<ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968) {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}</ref><ref>[[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], ''La civilisation Sereer, Pangool,'' p. 13. Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}</ref>

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal was also founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was [[Slavery in Africa|enslaved]], typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 "Slavery"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref>

In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful, having united [[Cayor]] and the kingdoms of [[Baol]], [[Kingdom of Sine|Siné]], [[Saloum]], [[Waalo]], [[Futa Tooro]] and [[Bambouk]], or much of present-day West Africa. The empire was a voluntary confederacy of various states rather than being built on military conquest.<ref name=charles/><ref>Ham, Anthony. ''West Africa''. Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 670. {{ISBN|1-74104-821-4}}</ref> The empire was founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a part [[Serer people|Serer]]<ref>''Research in African literatures,'' Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin, p. 8. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)</ref><ref>[[Cheikh Anta Diop|Diop, Cheikh Anta]] & Modum, Egbuna P. ''Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development,'' 1946–1960, p. 28. Karnak House (1996). {{ISBN|0-907015-85-9}}</ref> and part Toucouleur, who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities, but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall.

=== Colonial era ===
{{Main|Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)|French conquest of Senegal}}
[[File:AMH-8133-KB Floor plan of the fort on Goeree.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Portuguese Empire]] was the first European power to colonize Senegal, beginning with the arrival of [[Dinis Dias]] in 1444 at [[Gorée|Gorée Island]] and ending in 1888, when the Portuguese gave [[Ziguinchor]] to the French.]]

In the mid-15th century, the Portuguese landed on the Senegal coastline, followed by traders representing other countries, including the French.<ref name="ross"/> Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward.

In 1677, France gained control of what had become a minor departure point in the [[Atlantic slave trade]]: the island of [[Gorée]] next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland.<ref name="h-net.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html |title=Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223164258/http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html |archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=dead |publisher=h-net.org |access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>''Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest'' (1958 ed.), p. 123.</ref>

European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the [[Casamance]] in the 19th century. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland, after they abolished slavery and began promoting an [[Abolitionism in France|abolitionist]] doctrine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/senegal.htm|author=Bruce Vandervort|date=25 October 2004|website=ohio.edu|title=Senegal in 1848|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327051002/https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/senegal.htm|archive-date=27 March 2021|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> adding native kingdoms like the Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. French colonists under Governor [[Louis Faidherbe]] progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except the Serer Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]] and [[Kingdom of Saloum|Saloum]].<ref name=charles>Charles, Eunice A. '' Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890.'' African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p. 3</ref><ref>Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' Edinburgh University Press (1968). p. X {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}</ref>

[[File:Marchands d'esclaves de Gorée-Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur mg 8526.jpg|thumb|upright|French slave traders in [[Gorée]], 18th century]]
[[Yoro Dyao]] was in command of the canton of Foss-Galodjina and was set over Wâlo (Ouâlo) by Louis Faidherbe,<ref name="Royal II">{{cite book |title=Journal of the African Society |date=1912 |publisher=MacMillan |location=Africa |edition=Volume 11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUs8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA476|page=476}}</ref> where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914.<ref name="Wolof">{{cite book |title=1851–1865 |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries |page=167 |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/AfricanStudies/EFacs/Fage01/reference/africanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019101207/http://images.library.wisc.edu/AfricanStudies/EFacs/Fage01/reference/africanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Senegalese resistance to the French expansion was led in part by [[Lat-Dior]], [[Damel]] of Cayor, and [[Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof]] (the [[Maad a Sinig]], King of Sine), resulting in the famous [[Battle of Logandème]]―the battle in  which the Serer King of [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]] went to war against the mighty [[French colonial empire]], where the French decided to take revenge against Sine following their humiliating defeat at [[the Battle of Djilor]]. The Battle of Logandème was the first battle on Senegambian soil where the French decided to employ cannonball.<ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 725 (p 16)</ref><ref>Diouf, Cheikh, "Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859-1940", [[Université Cheikh Anta Diop]] de Dakar (2005)</ref><ref>Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914." [[Edinburgh University Press]], pp 55-59, {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref><ref>Le Quotidien (Senegal), "La communauté sérère face à la Commission nationale chargée de la rédaction de l’histoire du Sénégal." (18 September 2019), by Mahawa Sémou Diouf</ref>

In 1915, over 300 Senegalese came under Australian command, ahead of the [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|taking of Damascus]] by Australians, before the expected arrival of the famed [[Lawrence of Arabia]]. French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The [[Battle of Dakar]] (23–25 September 1940) was an unsuccessful attempt by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to capture the strategic port and overthrow the pro-German [[Vichy French]] administration in the colony.<ref>Smith, Colin (2010). ''England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940-1942''. London: Phoenix.</ref>

On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the [[French Community]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html|date=15 July 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Senegal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062010/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html|archive-date=27 March 2021|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Independence ===
[[File:Mali Federation in its region.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The short-lived [[Mali Federation]]]]In January 1959, Senegal and the [[French Sudan]] merged to form the [[Mali Federation]], which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August 1960 when Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of [[Mali]]) each proclaimed independence.

[[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] was elected Senegal's first president in August 1960. Pro-African, Senghor advocated a brand of African socialism.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Critical bibliography of French literature: in three parts. The Twentieth |editor-last=Cabeen |editor-first=David Clark |editor-last2=Brooks |editor-first2=Richard A. |editor-last3=Alden |editor-first3=Douglas W. |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=1 January 1980}}</ref>

After the breakup of the Mali Federation, Senghor and Prime Minister [[Mamadou Dia]] governed together under a parliamentary system. In December 1962, their political rivalry led to an [[1962 Senegalese coup d'état attempt|attempted coup]] by Dia. The coup was put down without bloodshed and Dia was arrested and imprisoned. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President's power.

Senghor was considerably more tolerant of opposition than most African leaders became in the 1960s. Nonetheless, political activity was somewhat restricted for a time. Senghor's party, the Senegalese Progressive Union (now the [[Socialist Party of Senegal]]), was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975.  In the latter year, Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976—a Marxist party (the [[African Independence Party&nbsp;– Renewal|African Independence Party]]) and a liberal party (the [[Senegalese Democratic Party]]).

The 1960s and early 1970s saw the continued and persistent violating of Senegal's borders by the Portuguese military from [[Portuguese Guinea]]. In response, Senegal petitioned the [[United Nations Security Council]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 178|in 1963]], [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 204|1965]], 1969 (in response to shelling by Portuguese artillery), [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 294|1971]] and finally in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 321|1972]].

=== 1980 to present ===
In 1980, Senghor decided to retire from politics. The next year, he transferred power in 1981 to his hand-picked successor, [[Abdou Diouf]]. Former prime minister [[Mamadou Dia]], who was Senghor's rival, ran for election in 1983 against Diouf, but lost. Senghor moved to France, where he died at the age of 95.

In the 1980s, [[Boubacar Lam]] discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the [[Toucouleur people|Tuculor]] noble, [[Yoro Dyâo]], not long after [[World War I]], which documented migrations into West Africa from the [[Nile Valley]]; ethnic groups, from the [[Senegal River]] to the [[Niger Delta]], retained traditions of having an eastern origin.<ref name="AfrAm">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Jane |title=A Companion to African-American Studies |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=463 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODmpx1fgJNIC&pg=PA463|isbn=978-1-4051-5466-6}}</ref>

Senegal joined with [[The Gambia]] to form the nominal [[Senegambia Confederation]] on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group ([[Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance]] or MFDC) in the [[Casamance]] region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982 in the [[Casamance conflict]]. In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President [[Macky Sall]] held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012.<ref>[http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa# "Uppsala Conflict Data Program: Senegal: Casamance, In-depth Developments since 2005"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222507/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''Conflict Encyclopedia''</ref>

Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Abdou Diouf served four terms as president.

During the [[Gulf War]], over 500 Senegalese participated in the [[Battle of Khafji]] and the unexpected [[Liberation of Kuwait campaign]], under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader [[Abdoulaye Wade]] defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second [[peaceful transition of power]], and its first from one political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. The [[Casamance conflict]], however, has not yet been fully concluded as of 2025 despite several cease fires and treaties between the government and individual factions within the [[Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance|MFDC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal signs historic peace deal with Casamance separatists|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/02/25/senegal-signs-historic-peace-deal-with-casamance-separatists/ |date=25 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Africanews |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web  |title=Sénégal: Ousmane Sonko signe un accord de paix avec une faction du MFDC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250224-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-ousmane-sonko-signe-un-accord-de-paix-avec-une-faction-du-mfdc |date=24 February 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=rfi |language=fr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Ousmane Badiane |title=Que sait-on de l'accord signé à Bissau entre le Sénégal et le MFDC ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c3vwr717qzko |date=24 February 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=BBC |language=fr }}</ref>

In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the [[2012 Senegalese presidential election|presidential election]] and [[Macky Sall]] was elected as the new President of Senegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17514530 |title=Senegal proud of peaceful election after Macky Sall win |work=BBC News |date=26 March 2012 |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730083852/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17514530 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Macky Sall was re-elected in [[2019 Senegalese presidential election|2019 elections]]. The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711 |title=Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727200725/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 3 March 2021, Senegal has been rocked by a series of [[2021 Senegalese protests|mass protest]]s in response to the arrest of [[Ousmane Sonko]] for alleged rape and mishandling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In June 2023, the response to the protests turned increasingly violent, with Amnesty International counting 23 fatalities, most of which were caused by bullets fired by police or armed police collaborators.<ref name="police violence">{{cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |title='The State Killed My Brother': Senegal in Uproar After Deadly Protests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612142936/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html |archive-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>

In March 2024, Opposition candidate [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] won the Senegal's presidential [[2024 Senegalese presidential election|election]] over candidate of the ruling coalition, becoming the youngest president in Senegal's history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senegal opposition candidate Faye won 54 percent in presidential vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/senegal-oppositions-faye-won-over-54-of-vote-full-provisional-results |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403182337/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/senegal-oppositions-faye-won-over-54-of-vote-full-provisional-results |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2024 Faye announced that France will withdraw its troops from Senegal and close its bases by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast says French troops to leave West African nation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7zz99jlxo |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.bbc.com |date=January 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Départ de l'armée française du Tchad et du Sénégal : une rupture historique et salutaire – L'édito de François Soudan - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1635855/politique/depart-de-larmee-francaise-du-tchad-et-du-senegal-une-rupture-historique-et-salutaire/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref>