Editing Semiotics (section)

=== John Locke<!--Linked from 'John Locke'--> ===
[[John Locke]] (1690), himself a man of [[medicine]], was familiar with this "semeiotics" as naming a specialized branch within medical science. In his personal library were two editions of Scapula's 1579 abridgement of [[Henri Estienne|Henricus Stephanus]]' {{Lang|la|Thesaurus Graecae Linguae}}, which listed {{Lang|grc|σημειωτική}} as the name for {{Gloss|diagnostics}},<ref>"Semiotics." ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989). ["The branch of medical science relating to the interpretation of symptoms."]</ref> the branch of medicine concerned with interpreting symptoms of disease ("[[symptomatology]]"). Physician and scholar [[Henry Stubbe]] (1670) had transliterated this term of specialized science into English precisely as "''semeiotics''", marking the first use of the term in English:<ref>[[Henry Stubbe|Stubbes, Henry]]. 1670. ''The Plus Ultra reduced to a Non Plus.'' London. p. 75.</ref>{{blockquote|text="...nor is there any thing to be relied upon in Physick, but an exact knowledge of medicinal phisiology (founded on observation, not principles), semeiotics, method of curing, and tried (not excogitated, not commanding) medicines...."}}Locke would use the term ''sem(e)iotike'' in ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]'' (book IV, chap. 21),<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020 [1998]. "[https://www.britannica.com/science/semiotics Semiotics: Study of Signs]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. Accessed 8 April 2020 Web.</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">Locke (1700) uses the Greek word {{sic|"σημιωτική"|expected=ει, not ι|nolink=}} in the [https://books.google.com/books?id=hGeKsjjtu6EC 4th edition] of his ''Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (p. 437). He notably writes both (a) "σημιωτικὴ"<!--non-capitalized first letter and featuring a grave-accented last vowel; see p. 437 (main text)--> and (b) "Σημιωτική"<!--capitalized first letter and featuring an acute-accented last vowel; see p. 437 (margins)-->: when term (a) is followed by any kind of punctuation mark, it takes the form (b).  In Chapter XX, titled "Division of the Sciences," which concludes the 1st edition of Locke's ''Essay'' (1689/1690), Locke introduces "σημιωτική"  in §&nbsp;4 as his proposed name synonymous with "''the Doctrine of Signs''" for the development of the future study of the ubiquitous role of signs within human awareness. In the 4th edition of Locke's ''Essay'' (1700), a new Chapter XIX, titled "Of Enthusiasm," is inserted into Book IV. As result, Chapter XX of the 1st edition becomes Chapter XXI for all subsequent editions. It is an important fact that Locke's proposal for the development of semiotics, with three passing exceptions as "asides" in the writings of [[George Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[Leibniz]], and [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac|Condillac]], "is met with a resounding silence that lasts as long as modernity itself. Even Locke's devoted late modern editor, [[Alexander Campbell Fraser]], dismisses out of hand 'this crude and superficial scheme of Locke'" Deely adds "Locke's modest proposal subversive of the way of ideas, its reception, and its bearing on the resolution of an ancient and a modern controversy in logic." In the Oxford University Press critical edition (1975), prepared and introduced by Peter Harold Nidditch, Nidditch tells us, in his "Foreword," that he presents us with "a complete, critically established, and unmodernized text that aims at being historically faithful to Locke's final intentions";{{Rp|vii}} that "the present text is based on the original fourth edition of the ''Essay'';{{Rp|xxv}} and that "readings in the other early authorized editions are adopted, in appropriate form, where necessary, and recorded otherwise in the textual notes."{{Rp|xxv}} The term "σημιωτική" appears in that 4th edition (1700), the last published (but not the last prepared) within Locke's lifetime, with exactly the spelling and final accent found in the 1st edition. Yet if we turn to (the final) chapter XXI of the Oxford edition (1975, p. 720), we find not "σημιωτικὴ" but rather do we find substituted the "σημειωτικὴ" spelling (and with final accent reversed). '''Note''' that in [[Greek orthography|Modern Greek]] and in [[Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching|some systems for pronouncing classical Greek]], "σημ'''ι'''ωτική" and "σημ'''ει'''ωτική" are pronounced the same.</ref> in which he explains how science may be divided into three parts:<ref name=":12">[[John Locke|Locke, John]]. 1963 [1823]. ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]].''</ref>{{Rp|174}}

{{blockquote|All that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation: or, secondly, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any end, especially happiness: or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into these three sorts.||title=|source=}}

Locke then elaborates on the nature of this third category, naming it {{Lang|grc|Σημειωτική}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|Semeiotike}}), and explaining it as "the doctrine of signs" in the following terms:<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|175}}

{{blockquote|Thirdly, the third branch [of sciences] may be termed {{lang|grc|σημειωτικὴ}}, or the doctrine of signs, the most usual whereof being words, it is aptly enough termed also {{lang|grc|Λογικὴ}}, logic; the business whereof is to consider the nature of signs the mind makes use of for the understanding of things, or conveying its knowledge to others.||title=|source=}}

[[Juri Lotman]] introduced Eastern Europe to semiotics and adopted Locke's coinage ({{Lang|grc|Σημειωτική}}) as the name to subtitle his founding at the [[University of Tartu]] in Estonia in 1964 of the first semiotics journal, ''[[Sign Systems Studies]]''.