Editing Self-harm (section)

===Classification===
[[Karl Menninger]] considered self-mutilation as a non-fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term ''partial suicide''. He began a classification system of six types:
# neurotic – [[nail-biting|nail-biters]], pickers, extreme hair removal, and unnecessary cosmetic surgery
# religious – self-flagellants and others
# puberty rites – hymen removal, circumcision, or clitoral alteration
# psychotic – eye or ear removal, genital self-mutilation, and extreme amputation
# organic brain diseases – which allow repetitive [[Stereotypic_movement_disorder|head-banging]], hand-biting, finger-fracturing, or [[autoenucleation|eye removal]]
# conventional – nail-clipping, trimming of hair, and shaving beards.<ref name="1935 Menninger article">{{cite journal |vauthors=Menninger K |year=1935 |title=A psychoanalytic study of the significance of self-mutilation |journal=[[Psychoanalytic Quarterly]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=408–466 |doi=10.1080/21674086.1935.11925248}}</ref>

Pao (1969) differentiated between ''delicate'' (low lethality) and ''coarse'' (high lethality) self-mutilators who cut. The "delicate" cutters were young, multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline [[personality disorder]] diagnosis. The "coarse" cutters were older and generally psychotic.<ref name="Pao (1969)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pao PN |title=The syndrome of delicate self-cutting |journal=The British Journal of Medical Psychology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=195–206 |date=August 1969 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1969.tb02071.x |pmid=5808710}}</ref> Ross and McKay (1979) categorized self-mutilators into nine groups: ''cutting'', ''biting'', ''abrading'', ''severing'', ''inserting'', ''burning'', ''ingesting or inhaling'', ''hitting'', and ''constricting''.<ref name="Ross and McKay (1979)">{{cite book |vauthors=Ross RR, McKay HB |year=1979 |title=Self-Mutilation |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-02116-5 |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/self-mutilation |access-date=2024-03-27}}</ref>

After the 1970s the focus of self-harm shifted from [[Freudian]] psycho-sexual drives of the patients.<ref name="Roe-Sepowitz">{{cite thesis |vauthors=Roe-Sepowitz DE |degree=Ph.D. |title=Indicators of Self-Mutilation: Youth in Custody |year=2005 |publisher=The Florida State University College of Social Work |pages=8–10, 77–88 |url=http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses_1/available/etd-09132005-192859/unrestricted/DominiqueRoeSepowitzDissertation.pdf |access-date=2009-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225213713/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses_1/available/etd-09132005-192859/unrestricted/DominiqueRoeSepowitzDissertation.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-25}}</ref>

Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I–IV, defining ''Self-mutilation'' as rows II, III and IV.<ref name="Walsh and rosen (1988)">{{cite book |vauthors=Walsh BW, Rosen PM |year=1988 |title=Self Mutilation: Theory, Research and Treatment |publisher=Guilford. of N..Y, NY. |isbn=978-0-89862-731-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/selfmutilationth0000wals |page=7|url-access=registration}}</ref><!-- this is the source for the entire table below -->

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Classification
! Examples of behavior
! Degree of Physical Damage
! Psychological State
! Social Acceptability
|-
| I
| Ear-piercing, nail-biting, small tattoos, cosmetic surgery (not considered self-harm by the majority of the population)
| Superficial to mild
| Benign
| Mostly accepted
|-
| II
| Piercings, saber scars, ritualistic clan scarring, [[sailor tattoos]], [[gang tattoos]], minor wound-excoriation, [[trichotillomania]]
| Mild to moderate
| Benign to agitated
| Subculture acceptance
|-
| III
| Wrist- or body-cutting, self-inflicted cigarette burns and tattoos, major wound-excoriation
| Mild to moderate
| Psychic crisis
| Possibly accepted by a handful of similar-minded friends but not by the general population
|-
| IV
| [[Castration|Auto-castration]], [[self-enucleation]], [[amputation]]
| Severe
| Psychotic decompensation
| Unacceptable
|}

Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self-mutilation into two categories: ''culturally sanctioned self-mutilation'' and ''deviant self-mutilation''.<ref name="Favazza and Rosenthal (1993)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Favazza AR, Rosenthal RJ |title=Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation |journal=Hospital & Community Psychiatry |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=134–140 |date=February 1993 |doi=10.1176/ps.44.2.134 |pmid=8432496}}</ref> Favazza also created two subcategories of sanctioned self-mutilations; ''rituals'' and ''practices''. The ''rituals'' are mutilations repeated generationally and "reflect the traditions, symbolism, and beliefs of a society" (p.&nbsp;226). ''Practices'' are historically transient and cosmetic such as piercing of earlobes, nose, eyebrows as well as male [[circumcision#History|circumcision]] while ''deviant self-mutilation'' is equivalent to self-harm.<ref name="Roe-Sepowitz"/><ref name="Favazza (1996)">{{cite book |vauthors=Favazza AR |year=1996 |title=Bodies Under Siege, 2nd ed |publisher=Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. |isbn=978-0-8018-5300-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwQT9fdZNdgC&q=Favazza,+A.+R.+(1996).+Bodies+Under+Siege,+2nd+ed.+Baltimore:+Johns+Hopkins+Press.&pg=PR9 |access-date=2009-06-22}}</ref>