Editing Self-determination (section)

=== Pre-20th century ===
The norm of self-determination can be traced to the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution|French]] revolutions, and the emergence of [[nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hecher|first1=Michael|last2=Borland|first2=Elizabeth|date=2001|title=National Self-Determination: The Emergence of an International Norm|pages=186–233 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1550896|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-1-61044-280-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayall |first1=James |editor1-last=Breuilly |editor1-first=John |title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-876820-3 | pages=539–540 | chapter=International Society, State Sovereignty, and National Self-Determination}}</ref> The European [[revolutions of 1848]], the post-World War I [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|settlement at Versailles]], and the decolonization movement after World War II shaped and established the norm in international law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hechter |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZk2AQAAQBAJ |title=Alien Rule |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04254-4 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> The American example has been seen as the earliest assertion of the right of national self-determination, although this was argued primarily in terms of resistance to a despotic ruler rather than appeals to a 'natural right' of peoples to determine their political fate, the latter emerging with the [[Spanish American wars of independence|independence of Spanish colonies in Latin America]].<ref name="Simma">{{cite book |last1=Oeter |first1=Stefan |editor1-last=Simma |display-editors=etal |title=The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780192864536 |pages=457–484 |edition=4th |chapter=Self Determination}}</ref>

These concepts were inspired particularly by earlier ideas from [[Hugo Grotius]] and [[Immanuel Kant]], and by the mid-nineteenth century 'self-determination' had evolved into a weapon for revolutionary nationalism.<ref name="Simma"/> [[Thomas Jefferson]] further promoted the notion that the will of the people was supreme, especially through authorship of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], which became an inspiration for European nationalist movements during the 19th century.<ref name="Unterberger" /> The French Revolution legitimized the ideas of self-determination on that [[Old World]] continent.<ref>Chimène Keitner, [[Oxford University]], [http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/woc01/National Self-Determination: The Legacy of the French Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304141255/http://www.ciaonet.org/ |date=2020-03-04 }}, paper presented at International Studies Association Annual Meeting, March 2000.</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B16FD3D5C147A93C2AB178CD85F4D8185F9 "Self-Determination Not a New Expedient; First Plebiscite Was Held in Avignon During the French Revolution—Forthcoming Book Traces History and Growth of the Movement"], ''[[New York Times]]'', July 20, 1919, 69.</ref>{{How|date=May 2024}}

Nationalist sentiments emerged inside traditional empires: [[Pan-Slavism]] in Russia; [[Ottomanism]], [[Kemalist ideology]] and [[Arab nationalism]] in the Ottoman Empire; [[State Shintoism]] and [[Japanese nationalism|Japanese identity]] in Japan; and [[Chinese nationalism|Han identity]] in juxtaposition to the [[Manchu people|Manchurian ruling class]] in China. Meanwhile, in Europe itself, the [[Rise of nationalism in Europe|rise of nationalism]] led to [[Greek War of Independence|Greece]], [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungary]], [[Greater Poland Uprising (1848)|Poland]] and [[Bulgarian unification|Bulgaria]] all seeking or winning independence.

[[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] supported some of these nationalist movements, believing nationalism might be a "prior condition" to social reform and international alliances.<ref>[[Erica Benner]], ''Really existing nationalisms: a post-communist view from Marx and Engels'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=N-7Xc8WtCLgC&dq=%22self-determination%22+of+colonies+marx&pg=PA188 p. 188], Oxford University Press, 1995 {{ISBN|0-19-827959-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-19-827959-4}}</ref> In 1914 [[Vladimir Lenin]] wrote: "[It] would be wrong to interpret the right to self-determination as meaning anything but the right to existence as a separate state."<ref name="Lenin">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/ch01.htm#v20pp72-395 |title=What Is Meant By The Self-Determination of Nations? |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=2012-03-04}}</ref>

In contrast, [[Rosa Luxemburg]] called a "right of nations to self-determination", valid for all countries and all times, "nothing more than a metaphysical cliché" that offers no "practical solution of nationality problems" and argued that the very concept of the nation as an "homogenous social and political entity" was derived from [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideology.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=Tom |title=Marxism and Nationalism |journal=International Socialist Review |date=October–November 2000 |issue=14 |url=https://isreview.org/issues/14/marxism_nationalism_part2/ |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Luxemburg">{{cite book |last1=Luxemburg |first1=Rosa |title=The National Question, Chapter 1: The Right of Nations to Self-Determination |date=1909 |publisher=Marxists.org |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1909/national-question/ch01.htm |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>