Editing Seafood (section)

==Types of seafood==
{{See also|List of types of seafood|List of harvested aquatic animals by weight}}
The following table is based on the ISSCAAP classification (International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants) used by the [[FAO]] to collect and compile fishery statistics.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |work=Fishery Fact Sheets |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en |title=ASFIS List of Species for Fishery Statistics Purposes |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The production figures have been extracted from the FAO FishStat database,<ref name=FishStat>Total production, both wild and aquaculture, of seafood species groups in thousand tonnes, sourced from the data reported in the [[FAO]] [http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx FishStat database]</ref> and include both capture from wild fisheries and aquaculture production.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="border-spacing:0 style="width:100%"
! Group
! style="width:80px;"| Image
! Subgroup
! Description
! style="width:80px;"| 2010&nbsp;production<br /><small>1000&nbsp;tonnes<ref name=FishStat /></small>
|-
! rowspan=5 | [[Fish (food)|fish]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[Fish]] are aquatic [[vertebrate]]s which lack [[Limb (anatomy)|limbs]] with [[Digit (anatomy)|digits]], use [[gill]]s to breathe, and have heads protected by hard [[bone]] or [[cartilage]] skulls. ''See: [[Fish (food)]].'' {{right|Total for fish: &nbsp;}}
| style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| 106,639
|-
| [[File:Bluefin-big.jpg|100px|Pelagic fish (Atlantic bluefin tuna)]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[Pelagic fish|marine<br />pelagic]]
| valign= top | [[Pelagic fish]] live and feed near the surface or in the [[water column]] of the sea, but not on the bottom of the sea. The main seafood groups can be divided into larger [[predator fish]] ([[Shark meat|sharks]], [[Tuna as food|tuna]], [[billfish]], [[mahi-mahi]], [[Mackerel as food|mackerel]], [[Salmon as food|salmon]]) and smaller [[forage fish]] ([[Herring as food|herring]], [[Sardines as food|sardines]], [[sprat]]s, [[Anchovies as food|anchovies]], [[menhaden]]). The smaller forage fish feed on plankton, and can accumulate toxins to a degree. The larger predator fish feed on the forage fish, and accumulate toxins to a much higher degree than the forage fish.
| {{center|33,974}}
|-
| [[File:Hippoglossoides platessoides.jpg|100px|Demersal fish (American plaice)]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[Demersal fish|marine<br />demersal]]
| valign= top | [[Demersal fish]] live and feed on or near the bottom of the sea.<ref name="seafloor">Walrond C [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/coastal-fish/5 Carl . "Coastal fish – Fish of the open sea floor"] Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 2 March 2009</ref> Some seafood groups are [[cod]], [[flatfish]], [[grouper]] and [[stingray]]s. Demersal fish feed mainly on crustaceans they find on the sea floor, and are more sedentary than the pelagic fish. Pelagic fish usually have the red flesh characteristic of the powerful swimming muscles they need, while demersal fish usually have white flesh.
| {{center|23,806}}
|-
| [[File:Salmo salar GLERL 1.jpg|100px|Diadromous fish (Atlantic salmon)]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[Diadromous fish|diadromous]]
| valign= top | [[Diadromous fish]] are fishes which migrate between the sea and fresh water. Some seafood groups are [[Salmon as food|salmon]], [[shad]], [[Eel as food|eels]] and [[lamprey]]s. ''See: [[Salmon run]].''
| {{center|5,348}}
|-
| [[File:Tilapia cabrae.jpg|100px|Freshwater fish (tilapia)]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[Freshwater fish|freshwater]]
| valign= top | [[Freshwater fish]] live in [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, [[reservoir]]s, and [[pond]]s. Some seafood groups are [[carp]], [[tilapia]], [[catfish]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], and [[trout]]. Generally, freshwater fish lend themselves to [[fish farming]] more readily than the ocean fish, and the larger part of the tonnage reported here refers to farmed fish.
| {{center|43,511}}
|-
! rowspan=5 | [[mollusc]]s
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[Mollusc]]s (from the Latin ''molluscus'', meaning ''soft'') are [[invertebrate]]s with soft bodies that are not segmented like crustaceans. [[Bivalve]]s and [[gastropod]]s are protected by a [[calcareous]] [[Mollusc shell|shell]] which grows as the mollusc grows. {{right|Total for molluscs: &nbsp;}}
| valign=bottom style="background:#ddf8f8;" |{{center|20,797}}
|-
| [[File:A clam.jpg|100px|Bivalve]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[bivalve]]s
| valign= top | [[Bivalve]]s, sometimes referred to as [[clam]]s, have a protective shell in two hinged parts. A [[Valve (mollusc)|valve]] is the name used for the protective shell of a bivalve, so bivalve literally means ''two shells''. Important seafood bivalves include [[oyster]]s, [[scallop]]s, [[mussel]]s and [[cockle (bivalve)|cockle]]s. Most of these are [[filter feeder]]s which bury themselves in sediment on the [[seabed]] where they are safe from [[predation]]. Others lie on the sea floor or attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. Some, such as scallops, can [[nekton|swim]]. Bivalves have long been a part of the diet of coastal communities. Oysters were [[oyster farming|cultured]] in ponds by the Romans and [[mariculture]] has more recently become an important source of bivalves for food.
| align=center | 12,585
|-
| [[File:AbaloneInside.jpg|100px|Empty shell of an abalone]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[gastropod]]s
| valign= top | Aquatic [[gastropod]]s, also known as [[sea snail]]s, are univalves which means they have a protective shell that is [[gastropod shell|in a single piece]]. Gastropod literally means ''stomach-foot'', because they appear to crawl on their stomachs. Common seafood groups are [[abalone]], [[conch]], [[limpet]]s, [[whelk]]s and [[Common periwinkle|periwinkle]]s.
| align=center | 526
|-
| [[File:Expl0717 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|100px|Octopus]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[cephalopod]]s
| valign= top | Cephalopods, except for [[nautilus]], are not protected by an external shell. Cephalopod literally means ''head-foots'', because they have limbs which appear to issue from their head. They have excellent vision and high intelligence. Cephalopods propel themselves with a water jet and lay down "smoke screens" with [[Cephalopod ink|ink]]. Examples are [[octopus]], [[squid]] and [[cuttlefish]]. They are eaten in many cultures. Depending on the species, the arms and sometimes other body parts are prepared in various ways. Octopus must be boiled properly to rid it of slime, smell, and residual ink. Squid are popular in Japan. In Mediterranean countries and in English-speaking countries squid are often referred to as [[calamari]].<ref name="MW">{{cite dictionary|url=http://m-w.com/dictionary/calamari|title=Definition of calamari|date=18 August 2023 |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster's]] Online Dictionary}}</ref> Cuttlefish is less eaten than squid, though it is popular in Italy and [[Dried shredded squid|dried, shredded cuttlefish]] is a snack food in East Asia. ''See: [[Squid (food)]], [[Octopus (food)]].''
| align=center |3,653
|-
|
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| other
| valign= top | Molluscs not included above are [[Chiton#Culinary uses|chitons]].
| align=center | 4,033
|-
! rowspan=6 | [[crustacean]]s
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[Crustacean]]s (from Latin ''crusta'', meaning ''crust'') are invertebrates with segmented bodies protected by hard crusts (shells or [[exoskeleton]]s), usually made of [[chitin]] and structured somewhat like a [[knight's armour]]. The shells do not grow, and must periodically be shed or [[Ecdysis|moulted]]. Usually two legs or limbs issue from each segment. Most commercial crustaceans are [[decapoda|decapods]], that is they have ten legs, and have [[compound eye]]s set on [[Eyestalk|stalks]]. Their shell turns pink or red when cooked.{{right|Total for crustaceans: &nbsp;}}
| style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;" |11,827
|-
| [[File:Pandborealisind.jpg|100px|Northern prawn]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[shrimp]]s
| valign= top | [[Shrimp and prawn]]s are small, slender, stalk-eyed ten-legged crustaceans with long spiny [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]]s. They are widespread, and can be found near the seafloor of most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. They play important roles in the [[food chain]]. There are numerous species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one.<ref>* Rudloe, Jack and Rudloe, Anne (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rpRq7CoXQo0C&q=shrimp ''Shrimp: The Endless Quest for Pink Gold''] FT Press. {{ISBN|9780137009725}}.</ref> ''See: [[shrimp (food)]], [[shrimp fishery]], [[shrimp farming]], [[freshwater prawn farming]].''
| align=center | 6,917
|-
| [[File:Mud crab.jpg|100px|Mud crab]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[crab]]s
| valign= top | Crabs are stalk-eyed ten-legged crustaceans, usually walk sideways, and have grasping [[Chela (organ)|claws]] as their front pair of limbs. They have small [[Abdomen#Invertebrates|abdomen]]s, short [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]], and a short [[carapace]] that is wide and flat. Also usually included are [[king crab]]s and [[Coconut crab#Relationship with humans|coconut crabs]], even if these belongs to a different group of decapods than the true crabs. ''See: [[crab fisheries]].''
| align=center | 1,679<ref>Includes crabs, sea spiders, king crabs and squat lobsters</ref>
|-
| [[File:Homarus americanus.png|100px|Clawed lobster]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[lobster]]s
| valign= top | [[Clawed lobster]]s and [[spiny lobster]]s are stalk-eyed ten-legged crustaceans with long abdomens. The clawed lobster has large asymmetrical claws for its front pair of limbs, one for crushing and one for cutting ''(pictured)''. The spiny lobster lacks the large claws, but has a long, spiny antennae and a spiny carapace. Lobsters are larger than most shrimp or crabs. ''See: [[lobster fishing]].''
| align=center | 281<ref>Includes lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters</ref>
|-
| [[File:Meganyctiphanes norvegica2.jpg|100px|Northern krill]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[krill]]
| valign= top | [[Krill]] resemble small shrimp, however they have external [[gill]]s and more than ten legs ([[pleopod|swimming]] plus feeding and grooming legs). They are found in oceans around the world where they [[filter feed]] in huge pelagic [[swarm]]s.<ref name=Nicol1997 /> Like shrimp, they are an important part of the marine food chain, converting [[phytoplankton]] into a form larger animals can consume. Each year, larger animals eat half the estimated biomass of krill (about 600 million tonnes).<ref name=Nicol1997>{{cite book |author=Steven Nicol|author2=Yoshinari Endo|name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W5911E/W5911E00.HTM |series=Fisheries Technical Paper |volume=367 |title=Krill Fisheries of the World |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=1997 |isbn=978-92-5-104012-6}}</ref> Humans consume krill in Japan and Russia, but most of the krill harvest is used to make [[fish feed]] and for extracting oil. Krill oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, similar to [[fish oil]]. ''See: [[Krill fishery]].''
| align=center | 215
|-
|
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| other
| valign= top | Crustaceans not included above are [[Goose barnacle#As food|gooseneck barnacles]], [[Austromegabalanus psittacus#Use by humans and oceanic organisms|giant barnacle]], [[Mantis shrimp#Culinary uses|mantis shrimp]] and [[brine shrimp]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://imb.umt.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2021/07/5-HoaSorgeloos2020.pdf |title=Brine Shrimp Artemia as a Direct Human Food |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130122622/https://imb.umt.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2021/07/5-HoaSorgeloos2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| align=center | 1,359
|-
! rowspan=6 | other aquatic animals
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| {{right|Total for other aquatic animals: &nbsp;}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| 1,409+
|-
| [[File:Tursiops truncatus 01.jpg|100px|Dolphin]]<br /><br />
[[File:Sanc0116 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|100px|Fluke of a whale]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[aquatic mammal]]s
| valign= top | [[Marine mammal]]s form a diverse group of 128 species that rely on the ocean for their existence.<ref name="pompa">{{cite journal | last1 = Pompa | first1 = S. | last2 = Ehrlich | first2 = P. R. | last3 = Ceballos | first3 = G. | date = 2011 | title = Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals | journal = PNAS | volume = 108 | issue = 33| pages = 13600–13605 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1101525108 | pmid = 21808012 | bibcode = 2011PNAS..10813600P | pmc = 3158205 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Whale meat is still harvested from legal, non-commercial hunts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-10549107 |title=Native Alaskans say oil drilling threatens way of life |work=BBC News |date=20 July 2010 |access-date=2010-08-11}}</ref> About one thousand [[long-finned pilot whale]]s are still killed annually.<ref name="contaminated">{{cite news|last=Nguyen|first=Vi|title=Warning over contaminated whale meat as Faroe Islands' killing continues|url=http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_up/687202/warning_over_contaminated_whale_meat_as_faroe_islands_killing_continues.html|newspaper=The Ecologist|date=26 November 2010}}</ref> Japan has resumed hunting for whales, which they call "research whaling".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080308a2.html |title=Greenpeace: Stores, eateries less inclined to offer whale |newspaper=The Japan Times Online |date=2008-03-08 |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref> In modern Japan, two cuts of whale meat are usually distinguished: the belly meat and the more valued tail or fluke meat. Fluke meat can sell for $200 per kilogram, three times the price of belly meat.<ref name="slate1">{{cite magazine|last=Palmer |first=Brian |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2247583 |title=What Does Whale Taste Like? |magazine=Slate Magazine |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref> [[Fin whale]]s are particularly desired because they are thought to yield the best quality fluke meat.<ref name=kershaw>{{Harvnb|Kershaw|1988|p=67}}</ref> In [[Taiji, Wakayama|Taiji]] in Japan and parts of Scandinavia such as the [[Faroe Island]]s, [[dolphin]]s are traditionally considered food, and are killed in [[harpoon]] or [[dolphin drive hunting|drive hunts]].<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Matsutani |first=Minoru
|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090923f1.html
|title=Details on how Japan's dolphin catches work
|newspaper=[[Japan Times]]
|date=23 September 2009
|page=3
}}</ref> [[Ringed seal]]s are still an important food source for the people of [[Nunavut]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inuitarteskimoart.com/artists/About-Seals.html |title=Eskimo Art, Inuit Art, Canadian Native Artwork, Canadian Aboriginal Artwork |publisher=Inuitarteskimoart.com |access-date=2009-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530223528/http://inuitarteskimoart.com/artists/About-Seals.html |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and are also hunted and eaten in Alaska.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.seashepherd.org/seals/seals_seal_hunt_facts.html |title=Seal Hunt Facts |publisher=Sea Shepherd |access-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011043206/http://seashepherd.org/seals/seals_seal_hunt_facts.html |archive-date=11 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The meat of sea mammals can be high in mercury, and may pose health dangers to humans when consumed.<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Johnston |first=Eric
|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090923f2.html
|title=Mercury danger in dolphin meat
|newspaper=[[Japan Times]]
|date=23 September 2009
|page=3
}}</ref> The FAO records only the reported numbers of aquatic mammals harvested, and not the tonnage. In 2010, it reported 2500 whales, 12,000 dolphins and 182,000 seals. ''See: [[marine mammals as food]], [[whale meat]], [[seal hunting]]''.
| align=center | ?
|-
| [[File:Green turtle swimming in Kona May 2010.jpg|100px|Sea cucumber]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[Marine reptile|aquatic reptiles]]
| valign= top | [[Sea turtle]]s have long been valued as food in many parts of the world. Fifth century BC Chinese texts describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies.<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | author-link =Edward H. Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | date =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| jstor=595986}}</ref> Sea turtles are caught worldwide, although in many countries it is illegal to hunt most species.<ref name="CITES">{{cite web| author=CITES | author-link =CITES | title =Appendices | publisher =Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna | date =14 June 2006 | url =http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml |format =SHTML | access-date = 5 February 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070203100154/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml | archive-date =3 February 2007 }}</ref> Many coastal communities around the world depend on sea turtles as a source of protein, often gathering sea turtle eggs, and keeping captured sea turtles alive on their backs until needed for consumption.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Status of Nesting Populations of Sea Turtles in Thailand and Their Conservation | last1 = Settle | first1 = Sam | date = 1995 | url = http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn68/mtn68p8.shtml | journal = Marine Turtle Newsletter | volume = 68 | pages = 8–13 }}</ref> Most species of sea turtle are now endangered, and some are [[critically endangered]].<ref>{{cite web|author=International Union for the Conservation of Nature|title=IUCN Red List of Endangered Species|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>
| align=center | 296+
|-
| [[File:Three-Rowed Sea Cucumber.jpg|100px|Sea cucumber]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[echinoderm]]s
| valign= top | [[Echinoderm]]s are headless invertebrates, found on the [[seafloor]] in all oceans and at all depths. They are not found in fresh water. They usually have a five-pointed radial symmetry, and move, breathe and perceive with their retractable [[tube feet]]. They are covered with a calcareous and spiky [[Test (biology)|test]] or skin. The name echinoderm comes from the Greek ''ekhinos'' meaning ''hedgehog'', and ''dermatos'' meaning ''skin''. Echinoderms used for seafood include [[Sea cucumbers as food|sea cucumber]]s, [[Sea urchin as food|sea urchin]]s, and occasionally [[starfish]]. Wild sea cucumbers are caught by divers and in China they are farmed commercially in artificial ponds.<ref name=NF>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalfisherman.com/2008.asp?ItemID=1800&pcid=373&cid=375&archive=yes |author=Ess, Charlie |title=Wild product's versatility could push price beyond $2 for Alaska dive fleet |publisher=National Fisherman |access-date=2008-08-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122074025/http://www.nationalfisherman.com/2008.asp?ItemID=1800&pcid=373&cid=375&archive=yes |archive-date=22 January 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[gonad]]s of both male and female sea urchins, usually called sea urchin [[roe]] or corals,<ref>Rogers-Bennett, Laura, "The Ecology of ''Strongylocentrotus franciscanus'' and ''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus''" ''in'' John M. Lawrence, ''Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology'', p. 410</ref> are delicacies in many parts of the world.<ref>Alan Davidson, ''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]'', ''s.v.'' sea urchin</ref><ref>Lawrence, John M., "Sea Urchin Roe Cuisine" ''in'' John M. Lawrence, ''Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology''</ref>
| align=center | 373
|-
| [[File:Jellyfish sesame oil and chili sauce.jpg|100px|Rehydrated jellyfish strips]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[Jellyfish as food|jellyfish]]
| valign= top | [[Jellyfish]] are soft and gelatinous, with a body shaped like an umbrella or bell which pulsates for locomotion. They have long, trailing tentacles with stings for capturing prey. They are found free-swimming in the [[water column]] in all oceans, and are occasionally found in freshwater. Jellyfish must be dried within hours to prevent spoiling. In Japan they are regarded as a delicacy. Traditional processing methods are carried out by a jellyfish master. This involve a 20 to 40-day multi-phase procedure which starts with removing the gonads and [[mucous membrane]]s. The umbrella and oral arms are then treated with a mixture of [[Edible salt|table salt]] and [[alum]], and compressed. Processing reduces liquefaction, odor, the growth of spoilage organisms, and makes the jellyfish drier and more acidic, producing a crisp and crunchy texture. Only [[scyphozoan]] jellyfish belonging to the order [[Rhizostomeae]] are harvested for food; about 12 of the approximately 85 species. Most of the harvest takes place in southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1023/A:1011879821323 | last1 = Omori | first1 = M. | last2 = Nakano | first2 = E. | name-list-style =vanc | date = 2001 | title = Jellyfish fisheries in southeast Asia | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 451 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 19–26 | bibcode = 2001HyBio.451...19O | s2cid = 6518460 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hsieh | first1 = Yun-Hwa P | last2 = Leong | first2 = F-M | last3 = Rudloe | first3 = J | date = 2001 | title = Jellyfish as food | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 451 | issue = 1–3| pages = 11–17 | doi = 10.1023/A:1011875720415 | bibcode = 2001HyBio.451...11P | s2cid = 20719121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Jian-rong | last2 = Hsieh | first2 = Yun-Hwa P | date = 2004 | title = Traditional Chinese food technology and cuisine | url = http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/13/2/147.pdf | journal = Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr | volume = 13 | issue = 2| pages = 147–155 | pmid = 15228981 }}</ref>
| {{center|404}}
|-
| [[File:SeaSquirt.jpg|100px|Sea squirt]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| other
| valign= top | Aquatic animals not included above, such as [[Anatidae|waterfowl]], [[frog]]s, [[Echiura#As food|spoon worms]], [[Sipuncula#As food|peanut worms]], [[Palola viridis#Cultural use|palolo worms]], [[Brachiopod#Interactions with other organisms|lamp shells]], [[lancelet]]s, [[Anemonia sulcata#Uses|sea anemones]] and [[Ascidiacea#Culinary|sea squirts]] ''(pictured)''.
| align=center | 336
|-
! rowspan=4 | [[aquatic plant]]s and [[microphyte]]s 
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| {{right|Total for aquatic plants and microphytes: &nbsp;}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| 19,893
|-
| [[File:Korean soup-Miyeokguk-01.jpg|100px|Seaweed/sea urchin soup]]
[[File:Umibudou at Miyakojima01s3s2850.jpg|100px|Sea grapes]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[seaweed]]
| valign= top | Seaweed is a loose colloquial term which lacks a formal definition. Broadly, the term is applied to the larger, [[macroscopic]] forms of [[algae]], as opposed to [[microalga]]. Examples of seaweed groups are the multicellular [[rhodophyta|red]], [[phaeophyceae|brown]] and [[green alga]]e.<ref>Smith, G.M. 1944. ''Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula, California''. Stanford Univ., 2nd Edition.</ref> Edible seaweeds usually contain high amounts of fibre and, in contrast to terrestrial plants, contain a [[complete protein]].<ref name="Nutritional evaluation of seaweeds">{{cite journal | author=K.H. Wong| author2=Peter C.K. Cheung | title=Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds: Part I – proximate composition, amino acid profiles and some physico-chemical properties | journal=Food Chemistry | volume=71 | issue=4 | date=2000 | pages=475–482 | doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00175-8}}</ref> Seaweeds are used extensively as food in coastal cuisines around the world. Seaweed has been a part of diets in [[Chinese cuisine|China]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japan]], and [[Korean cuisine|Korea]] since prehistoric times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seaweed.ie/uses_general/humanfood.html |title=Seaweed as Human Food |publisher=Michael Guiry's Seaweed Site |access-date=2011-11-11 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008061022/http://www.seaweed.ie/uses_general/humanfood.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Seaweed is also consumed in many traditional European societies, in [[Icelandic cuisine|Iceland]] and western [[Norwegian cuisine|Norway]], the Atlantic coast of [[French cuisine|France]], northern and western [[Irish cuisine|Ireland]], [[Welsh cuisine|Wales]] and some coastal parts of South West England,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/taste/laver.shtml |title=Spotlight presenters in a lather over laver |publisher=BBC |date=2005-05-25 |access-date=2011-11-11}}</ref> as well as Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. ''See: [[edible seaweed]], [[seaweed farming]], [[aquaculture of giant kelp]], [[laverbread]]''.
| align=center |
|-
| [[File:Spirulina tablets.jpg|100px|Spirulina tablets]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[microphytes]]
| valign= top | [[Microphyte]]s are microscopic organisms, and can be algal, bacterial or fungal. [[Microalga]]e are another type of aquatic plant, and includes species that can be consumed by humans and animals. Some species of aquatic bacteria can also be used as seafood, such as [[spirulina (genus)|spirulina]] ''(pictured in tablet form)'', a type of [[cyanobacteria]]. ''See: [[culture of microalgae in hatcheries]].''
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| [[File:Nelumbo nucifera LOTUS bud.jpg|100px|Lotus bud]]
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"| [[aquatic plants]]
| valign= top | Edible aquatic plants are [[flowering plant]]s and [[fern]]s that have adapted to a life in water. Known examples are [[Sagittaria latifolia|duck potato]], [[Eleocharis dulcis|water chestnut]], [[Typha#Culinary|cattail]], [[watercress]], [[Nelumbo nucifera#Human consumption|lotus]] and [[Marsilea drummondii|nardoo]].
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| colspan="4" style="text-align:right; "| '''Total production (thousand tonnes)&nbsp;&nbsp;'''
| style="text-align:center; "| '''168,447'''
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