Editing Scottish Highlands (section)

=== Culture ===
[[File:Scottish clan map.png|thumb|Map of [[Scottish clan|Scottish Highland clans]] and lowland families]]
[[File:John Frederick Lewis - Highland Hospitality - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Highland Hospitality'', painted by [[John Frederick Lewis]], 1832]]
[[File:Battle of Alma Sutherland highlanders.png|thumb|[[Battle of Alma]], [[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|Sutherland Highlanders]]]]
[[File:Stalking in the Highlands - James Giles - ABDAG002225.jpg|thumb|right|Stalking in the Highlands by [[James Giles (painter)|James Giles]], 1853]]
Between the 15th century and the mid-20th century, the area differed from most of the [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowlands]] in terms of language. In Scottish Gaelic, the region is known as the ''{{lang|gd|[[Gàidhealtachd]]}}'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Martin Ball |title=The Celtic Languages |last2=James Fife |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-01035-1 |page=136}}</ref> because it was traditionally the Gaelic-speaking part of Scotland, although the language is now largely confined to [[The Hebrides]]. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably but have different meanings in their respective languages. [[Scottish English]] (in its [[Highland English|Highland form]]) is the predominant language of the area today, though Highland English has been influenced by Gaelic speech to a significant extent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charles Jones |title=The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7486-0754-9 |pages=566–67}}</ref> Historically, the "Highland line" distinguished the two Scottish cultures. While the Highland line broadly followed the geography of the [[Grampian Mountains|Grampians]] in the south, it continued in the north, cutting off the north-eastern areas, that is Eastern [[Caithness]], Orkney and [[Shetland]], from the more Gaelic Highlands and Hebrides.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Highland Line |url=http://ladysue.webs.com/thescotsirish.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033552/http://ladysue.webs.com/thescotsirish.htm |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=8 March 2013 |publisher=Sue & Marilyn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Geography of the Clans of Scotland |url=http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/geog/ |access-date=8 March 2013 |publisher=Electricscotland.com}}</ref>

Historically, the major social unit of the Highlands was the [[Scottish clan|clan]]. Scottish kings, particularly [[James VI and I|James VI]], saw clans as a challenge to their authority; the Highlands was seen by many as a lawless region. Some Lowlands commentators viewed the Highlanders as backward and more "Irish", ''Erse''. Following the [[Union of the Crowns]], James VI had the military strength to back up any attempts to impose some control. The result was, in 1609, the [[Statutes of Iona]] which started the process of integrating clan leaders into Scottish society. The gradual changes continued into the 19th century, as clan chiefs thought of themselves less as patriarchal leaders of their people and more as commercial landlords. The first effect on the clansmen who were their tenants was the change to rents being payable in money rather than in kind. Later, rents were increased as Highland landowners sought to increase their income. This was followed, mostly in the period 1760–1850, by [[Scottish Agricultural Revolution|agricultural improvement]] that often (particularly in the Western Highlands) involved [[Highland clearances|clearance]] of the population to make way for large scale sheep farms. Displaced tenants were set up in [[crofting]] communities in the process. The crofts were intended not to provide all the needs of their occupiers; they were expected to work in other industries such as kelping and fishing. Crofters came to rely substantially on seasonal migrant work, particularly in the Lowlands. This gave impetus to the learning of English, which was seen by many rural Gaelic speakers to be the essential "language of work".<ref name="Dodgshon">{{Cite book |last=Dodgshon |first=Robert A. |title=From Chiefs to Landlords: Social and Economic Change in the Western Highlands and Islands, c. 1493–1820 |date=1998 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=0-7486-1034-0 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>{{rp|105–07}}<ref name="Devine 1994">{{Cite book |last=Devine |first=T M |title=Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands |date=1994 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-9076-9 |edition=2013}}</ref>{{rp|1–17, 110–18}}<ref name="Devine 2018">{{Cite book |last=Devine |first=T M |title=The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900 |date=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-241-30410-5 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|37–46, 65–73, 132}}

Older historiography attributes the collapse of the clan system to the aftermath of the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] risings. This is now thought less influential by historians. Following the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] the British government enacted a series of laws to try to suppress the [[Scottish clan|clan system]], including [[Disarming Act|bans on the bearing of arms]] and the wearing of [[tartan]], and limitations on the activities of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]]. Most of this legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided. There was soon a rehabilitation of Highland culture. Tartan was adopted for Highland regiments in the British Army, which poor Highlanders joined in large numbers in the era of the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783) and [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1790–1815). Tartan had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people of the region, but in the 1820s, tartan and the [[kilt]] were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe.<ref name="Roberts2002pp193-4">{{Cite book |last=John Lenox Roberts |url=https://archive.org/details/jacobitewars00robe |title=The Jacobite Wars: Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and 1745 |publisher=Polygon at Edinburgh |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-902930-29-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jacobitewars00robe/page/n209 193]–95 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Sievers2007">{{Cite book |last=Marco Sievers |title=The Highland Myth as an Invented Tradition of 18th and 19th Century and Its Significance for the Image of Scotland |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-638-81651-9 |pages=22–25}}</ref> The international craze for tartan, and for idealising a romanticised Highlands, was set off by the [[Ossian]] cycle,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deidre Dawson |title=Scotland and France in the Enlightenment |last2=Pierre Morère |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8387-5526-6 |pages=75–76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=William Ferguson |title=The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7486-1071-6 |page=227}}</ref> and further popularised by the works of [[Walter Scott]]. His "staging" of the [[visit of King George IV to Scotland]] in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish woollen industry. Individual clan tartans were largely designated in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norman C Milne |title=Scottish Culture and Traditions |publisher=Paragon Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-899820-79-5 |page=138}}</ref> This "Highlandism", by which all of Scotland was identified with the culture of the Highlands, was cemented by Queen Victoria's interest in the country, her adoption of [[Balmoral Castle|Balmoral]] as a major royal retreat, and her interest in "tartenry".<ref name="Sievers2007" />