Editing Scottish Enlightenment (section)

===Economic growth===
{{Main article|Economy of Scotland in the early modern era}}
At the union of 1707, the Kingdom of England had about five times the population of Scotland and about 36 times as much wealth, but there were five Scottish universities ([[University of St Andrews|St. Andrews]], [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], and [[Aberdeen|Aberdeen's]] [[King's College, Aberdeen|King's College]] and [[Marischal College]]) against two in the Kingdom of England. Scotland experienced the beginnings of economic expansion that allowed it to close this gap.<ref>R. H. Campbell, "The Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. II: The Economic Consequences", ''Economic History Review'', vol. 16, April 1964.</ref> Contacts with the Kingdom of England led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility. Although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers, enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad.<ref>J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, pp. 288–91.</ref> The major change in international trade was the rapid expansion of the Americas as a market.<ref name=Mackie1991p292>J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, p. 292.</ref> Glasgow particularly benefited from this new trade; initially supplying the colonies with manufactured goods, it emerged as the focus of the tobacco trade, re-exporting particularly to France. The merchants dealing in this lucrative business became the wealthy [[tobacco lord]]s, who dominated the city for most of the eighteenth century.<ref name=autogenerated2>J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, p. 296.</ref> Banking also developed in this period. The [[Bank of Scotland]], founded in 1695 was suspected of [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] sympathies, and so a rival [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] was founded in 1727. Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These made capital available for business, and the improvement of roads and trade.<ref name=Mackie1991p297>J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, p. 297.</ref>