Editing School uniforms in Japan (section)

===Late 19th century: The Hakama era===
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| image1 = Bankara students in 1949.jpg
| image2 = Shimoda Utako in hifu and hakama.jpg
| image3 = Tamio Kurihara in 1917.jpg
| caption1 = {{transliteration|ja|Bankara}} students in 1949, wearing {{transliteration|ja|[[hakama]]}} and uniform caps
| caption2 = [[Shimoda Utako]] in {{transliteration|ja|[[hakama]]}}; she was an advocate for [[dress reform]].<ref name=intellectuals/>
| caption3 =  A 1917 {{transliteration|ja|gakuran}} with cap
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In the 1880s female students wore Western dress, but this became to be considered impractical.<ref name="History of Gakushuin">{{cite web |title=History of Gakushuin |url=https://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/ad/kikaku/english/history/ |website=www.gakushuin.ac.jp |publisher=The Gakushuin School}}</ref> [[Utako Shimoda]], a [[women's activist]], educator and [[dress reform]]er, found traditional kimono to be too restrictive. She argued that the Kimono prevented women and girls from moving and taking part in physical activities, thus harming their health. While western dress was being adopted at the time, she also believed [[corset]]s to be restrictive and also harmful to women's health.<ref name=intellectuals/> Utako Shimoda had worked as [[lady-in-waiting]] to [[Empress Shōken]] from 1871 to 1879.<ref name="Shimoda">{{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=Mamiko |title=Shimoda's Program for Japanese and Chinese Women's Education|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol15/iss2/3/ |journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture |date=1 June 2013 |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.7771/1481-4374.2212 |access-date=17 July 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref> She adapted the clothing worn by ladies-in-waiting at the Japanese imperial court, which included {{transliteration|ja|[[hakama]]}}, to make a uniform for her [[Jissen Women's University]]. During the Meiji period (1868–1912) and the following [[Taishō period]] (1912–1926), other women's schools also adopted the {{transliteration|ja|hakama}}.<ref name=intellectuals>{{cite thesis |title=Finding their Place in the World: Meiji Intellectuals and the Japanese Construction of an East-West Binary, 1868-1912.|last1=Racel|first1=Masako N. Thesis|institution=Georgia State University|year=2011|url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/26}} Source says:"See Shimoda, "Honbō joshi fukusō no enkaku本邦女子服装の沿革 [The Historical Development of Women’s Clothing in Japan]," Part I, Onna, 31 January 1901, in Shimoda Utako chosakushū, vol. 1, 1-3; "Joshi no tainin no han’i ni tsukite," Nihon Fujin, 25 April 1900, in Shimoda Utako chosakushū, vol. 4, 107-127."</ref> It became standard wear for high schools in Japan,<ref name="History of Gakushuin"/> and is still worn by many women to their university graduations.

During the Taishō period, male students began to wear {{transliteration|ja|gakuran}} (matching black trousers and a tunic with a standing collar and five gold buttons, and [[geta (footwear)|geta]]). These, apart from the footwear, are still worn today.<ref name=LJ123/>