Editing Schadenfreude (section)

==Psychological causes==
Researchers have found that there are three driving forces behind schadenfreude – [[Aggression#Society and culture|aggression]], [[rivalry]], and [[justice]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Shensheng|last2=Lilienfeld|first2=Scott O.|last3=Rochat|first3=Philippe|date=2019-01-01|title=Schadenfreude deconstructed and reconstructed: A tripartite motivational model|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X18301430|journal=New Ideas in Psychology|language=en|volume=52|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.09.002|s2cid=149802251 |issn=0732-118X}}</ref>

[[Self-esteem]] has a negative relationship with the frequency and intensity of schadenfreude experienced by an individual; individuals with lower self-esteem tend to experience schadenfreude more frequently and intensely.<ref name="apa_emotion">{{cite journal |last1=van Dijk |first1=Wilco W. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Guido M. |last3=Ouwerkerk |first3=Jaap W. |last4=Wesseling |first4=Yoka M. |title=Self-esteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude |journal=Emotion |date=2011 |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=1445–1449 |doi=10.1037/a0026331 |pmid=22142213|issn=1931-1516 }}</ref>

It is hypothesized that this inverse relationship is mediated through the human psychological inclination to define and protect their self- and [[In-group and out-group|in-group]]- identity or self-conception.<ref name=apa_emotion /> Specifically, for someone with high self-esteem, seeing another person fail may still bring them a small (but effectively negligible) surge of confidence because the observer's high self-esteem significantly lowers the threat they believe the visibly-failing human poses to their status or identity. Since this confident individual perceives that, regardless of circumstances, the successes and failures of the other person will have little impact on their own status or well-being, they have very little emotional investment in how the other person fares, be it positive or negative.

Conversely, for someone with low self-esteem, someone who is more successful poses a threat to their sense of self, and seeing this person fall can be a source of comfort because they perceive a relative improvement in their internal or in-group standing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hendricks |first1=Scotty |title=3 types of Schadenfreude and when you feel them |url=https://bigthink.com/mind-brain/schadenfreude-and-psychopathy |work=Big Think |date=25 November 2018 }}</ref>

* Aggression-based schadenfreude primarily involves [[group identity]]. The joy of observing the suffering of others comes from the observer's feeling that the other's failure represents an improvement or validation of their own group's (in-group) status in relation to external (out-groups) groups {{xref|(see: [[In-group and out-group]])}}. This is, essentially, schadenfreude based on group versus group status. 
*Rivalry-based schadenfreude is individualistic and related to interpersonal competition. It arises from a desire to stand out from and out-perform one's peers. This is schadenfreude based on another person's misfortune eliciting pleasure because the observer now feels better about their personal identity and self-worth, instead of their group identity.
*Justice-based schadenfreude comes from seeing that behavior seen as immoral or "bad" is punished. It is the pleasure associated with seeing a "bad" person being harmed or receiving retribution. ''Schadenfreude'' is experienced here because it makes people feel that fairness has been restored for a previously un-punished wrong, and is a type of [[Moral emotions|moral emotion]].