Editing Savoy (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Savoy}}
===Early history===
[[File:Karte Koenigreich Burgund DE.png|right|400px|thumb|Sapaudia in 443 (dark green) in the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]] (light green).]]
The region was occupied by the [[Allobroges]], a [[Gauls|Gallic]] people<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Savoy}}</ref> that the [[Roman Republic]] subdued in 121 BC.  The name ''Savoy'' stems from the [[Late Latin]] ''[[Sapaudia]]''{{refn|group=n|The territory, which has no modern counterpart, was perhaps bounded by the rivers Ain and Rhône, [[Lake Geneva]], the Jura and the Aar, though historians differ, and there seems to be insufficient evidence.<ref>Norman H. Baynes, reviewing A. Coville, ''Recherches sur l'Histoire de Lyon du Ve au IXe Siècle (450–800)'' in ''The English Historical Review'' '''45''' No. 179 (July 1930:470 474) p 471.</ref>}}, referring to a [[fir]], or upland, forest.<ref group=n>Modern French ''sapin''; ''sapinière'' signifies "fir forest".</ref> The word is likely ultimately from Gaulish – sapin itself is a blend of Gaulish ''sappos'' (fir tree) and Latin ''pinus'' (pine tree). It is first recorded in [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] (354), to describe the southern part of ''[[Sequani|Maxima Sequanorum]]''. According to the [[Chronica Gallica of 452|''Chronica Gallica'' of 452]], the [[Burgundians]] were settled in the territory of Sapaudia in 443, after the Burgundian defeat by [[Flavius Aetius]].{{refn|group=n|''Sapaudia Burgundionum reliquiis datur cum indigenis dividenda.''<ref>T. Mommsen, ''Chronica Minora'' II:660, 128.</ref>}}

===Early and High Middle Ages===
{{further|County of Savoy}}
[[File:Italy 1494.svg|thumbnail|Duchy of Savoy (red) and other Italian states in 1494.]]
By the 8th century, the territory that would later become known as Savoy was part of [[Francia]], and at the division of Francia at the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843, it became part of the short-lived kingdom of [[Middle Francia]]. After only 12 years, at the death of [[Lothair I]] in 855, Middle Francia was divided into [[Lotharingia]] north of the Alps, [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy south of the Alps]], and the parts of Burgundy in the Western Alps, inherited by [[Charles of Provence]]. This latter territory comprised what would become known as Savoy and [[Provence]]. For a short time, this province fell to the Arabs.

From the 10th to 14th century, parts of what would ultimately become Savoy remained within the [[Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles]]. Beginning in the 11th century, the gradual rise to power of the [[House of Savoy]] is reflected in the increasing territory of their [[County of Savoy]] between 1003 and 1416.

The County of Savoy was detached ''de jure'' from the Kingdom of Arles by [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1361. It acquired the [[County of Nice]] in 1388, and in 1401 added the [[County of Geneva]], the area of [[Geneva]] except for the city proper, which was ruled by its [[prince-bishop]], nominally under the duke's rule: the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg|bishops of Geneva]], by unspoken agreement, came from the [[House of Savoy]] until 1533.<ref group=n>See the career of the last prince-bishop [[Pierre de La Baume]].</ref>

===Duchy of Savoy===
{{main article|Duchy of Savoy}}
[[Image:Savoy2.png|thumb|320px|Map of Savoy in the 16th century. White lines are modern borders]]
On 19 February 1416 [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]], made the County of Savoy an independent [[Duchy of Savoy|duchy]], with [[Amadeus VIII of Savoy|Amadeus VIII]] as the first duke.  Straddling the Alps, Savoy lay within two competing spheres of influence, a French sphere and a North Italian one.  At the time of the Renaissance, Savoy showed only modest development.<ref name="Lucas_42">Henry S. Lucas, ''The Renaissance and the Reformation'' (Harper & Bros. Publishers: New York, 1960) p. 42.</ref>  Its towns were few and small.<ref name="Lucas_42"/> Savoy derived its subsistence from agriculture.<ref name="Lucas_42"/> The geographic location of Savoy was also of military importance.<ref name="Lucas_42"/> During the [[Italian Wars|interminable wars]] between France and Spain over the control of northern Italy, Savoy was important to France because it provided access to Italy.<ref name="Lucas_42"/> Savoy was important to Spain because it served as a buffer between France and the Spanish held lands in Italy.<ref name="Lucas_42"/> In 1563 [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy|Emmanuel Philibert]] moved the capital from [[Chambéry]] to [[Turin]], which was less vulnerable to French interference.<ref>Robert Katz, ''The Fall of the House of Savoy'' (The MacMillan Company: New York, 1971) p. 18.</ref>

[[Vaud]] was annexed by [[history of Bern|Bern]] in 1536, and Savoy officially ceded Vaud to Bern in the Treaty of Lausanne of 30 October 1564.

In 1714, as a consequence of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], Savoy was technically subsumed into the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], then (after that island was traded to [[Austria]] for [[Sardinia]]) the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] from 1720. While the heads of the House of Savoy were known as the Kings of Sardinia, Turin remained their capital.

===French Revolutionary Wars===
[[File:Italy 1796.svg|thumbnail|Map of Savoy in the 18th century and other Italian states in 1796.]]

Savoy was occupied by [[French Revolutionary Army|French revolutionary forces]] between 1792 and 1815. The entire region was first created to form the département of [[Mont-Blanc (department)|Mont-Blanc]]. In 1798, it was then divided between the departments of Mont-Blanc and [[Léman (department)|Léman]] (French name of Lake Geneva).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1999/12/11/le-nom-des-departements_3595298_1819218.html |title=''Le nom des départements'' |website=[[Le Monde]] |date=11 December 1999 |access-date=2018-12-26 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730015408/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1999/12/11/le-nom-des-departements_3595298_1819218.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, Savoy officially left the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>[[:de:Heiliges Römisches Reich#Reichsgebiet und Bevölkerung|Heiliges Römisches Reich]]</ref> On 13 September 1793 the combined forces of Savoy, Piedmont and [[Aosta Valley]] fought against and lost to the occupying French forces at the [[Battle of Méribel]] (Sallanches).

Two-thirds of Savoy was restored to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the First Restoration of 1814 following Napoleon's abdication; approximately one-third of Savoy, including the two most important cities of Chambéry and Annecy, remained in France. Following Napoleon's brief return to power during the Hundred Days and subsequent defeat at Waterloo, the remaining one-third of Savoy was restored to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] at the [[Congress of Vienna]] to strengthen Sardinia as a buffer state on France's southeastern border.

===Modern history===

====Annexation to France====
{{main|Annexation of Savoy}}
The [[French Second Republic]] first attempted to annex Savoy in 1848. A corps of 1,500 was dispatched from Lyon and invaded Savoy on 3 April, occupying Chambéry (capital city) and proclaiming the annexation to France. On learning about the invasion countrymen rushed to Chambéry. The corps were chased away by the local population. Five Frenchmen were killed and 800 captured.<ref>Mike Rapport, ''1848: Year of Revolution'' (Basic Books, 2010), 115–16.</ref>

On 21 July 1858 in [[Plombières-les-Bains]], [[Vosges (department)|Vosges]], the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], met in secret with [[Napoleon III]] to secure French military support against the [[Austrian Empire]] during the conflicts associated with the [[Italian unification]]. During the discussion, Cavour promised that Sardinia would cede the [[County of Nice]] and Duchy of Savoy to the [[Second French Empire]]. Though this was a secret arrangement, it quickly became widely known.<ref>[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]], address to the House of Common, July 5, 1861,[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1861/jul/05/question-2 HC Deb 05 July 1861 vol 164 cc436-61] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313044610/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1861/jul/05/question-2 |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref>

The treaty annexing Nice and Savoy to France was signed in Turin on 24 March 1860 ([[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/traites/1860turin.htm | title = Traité de Turin, Signé à Turin le 24 mars 1860 entre la France et la Sardaigne. | access-date = 2010-01-01 | publisher = mjp.univ-perp.fr | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193623/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/traites/1860turin.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In the northern provinces of the Chablais and Faucigny, there was some support for annexation to neighboring Switzerland, with which the northern provinces had longstanding economic ties. To help reduce the attractiveness of Switzerland, the French government conceded a Free-Trade Zone that maintained the longstanding duty-free relationship of northern Savoyard communes to Geneva. After the treaty was already signed, a [[referendum|plebiscite]]  was held on 22–23 April. Employing universal male suffrage, voters in the ceded provinces were offered the option of voting "Yes" to approve the treaty and join [[France]] or voting "No" and rejecting the treaty. Voters were not permitted the options of either joining [[Switzerland]], remaining with [[Italy]], or regaining its independence, were the source of some opposition. With a 99.8% vote in favour of joining France, there were allegations of [[vote-rigging]], notably by the British government, which opposed continental expansion by its traditional French enemy. The correspondent of ''[[The Times]]'' in Savoy who was in [[Bonneville, Haute-Savoie|Bonneville]] on 22 April called the vote "the lowest and most immoral farce(s) which was ever played in the history of nations".<ref>[http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/ The Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006085756/http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive |date=2008-10-06 }}, April 28, 1860, [http://blog.regionleman.com/post/annexion-rattachement-reunion-annexation-savoie-savoy-150-ans-anniversaire Universal Suffrage In Savoy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920233804/http://blog.regionleman.com/post/annexion-rattachement-reunion-annexation-savoie-savoy-150-ans-anniversaire |date=2010-09-20 }}.</ref> He finished his letter with those words: <blockquote> I leave you to draw your own conclusions from this trip, which will show clearly what the vote was in this part of Savoy. The vote was the bitterest irony ever made on popular suffrage. The ballot-box in the hands of those very authorities who issued the proclamations; no control possible; even travellers suspected and dogged lest they should pry into the matter; all opposition put down by intimidation, and all liberty of action completely taken away. One can really scarcely reproach the Opposition with having given up the game; there was too great force used against them. As for the result of the vote, therefore, no one need trouble himself about it; it will be just as brilliant as that in Nice. The only danger is lest the Savoy authorities in their zeal should fare as some of the French did in the vote of 1852, finding to their surprise rather more votes than voters inscribed on the list. </blockquote> In his letter to the ambassador of Vienna Lord Augustus Loftus, the then–[[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]], said, "Voting in Savoy and Nice a farce ... we are neither entertained or edified".<ref>PRO 30/22/98 Austria. Vol 1. Legation (from Nov. 1860) embassy in Vienna. Private correspondence (drafts). Lord John (earl from 1861) Russell, foreign secretary to Hon. Julian Fane, legation later embassy secretary; Lord Augustus Loftus, envoy; Lord Bloomfield, ambassador. Document conserved at [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ The National Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010031337/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ |date=2010-10-10 }}</ref>

The annexation was promulgated on 14 June 1860. On 23 August 1860 and 7 March 1861, two agreements were signed between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia to settle the remaining issues concerning the annexation.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cngDAAAAQAAJ | title = Convention entre la France et la Sardaigne destinée à régler diverses questions auxquelles a donné lieu la réunion de la Savoie et de l'arrondissement de Nice à la France; signée a Paris le 23 août 1860. G.Fr.de Martens, Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités et autre actes relatifs aux rapports de droit international, t. XVII, p.460 (pdf) | year = 1843 | access-date = 2010-01-01 | publisher = Oxford University | archive-date = 2021-05-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210529131401/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nouveau_recueil_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_trait%C3%A9s_co/cngDAAAAQAAJ?hl=en | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cngDAAAAQAAJ | title = Convention de délimitation entre la France et la Sardaigne, conclue a Turin le 7 mars 1861. G.Fr.de Martens, Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités et autre actes relatifs aux rapports de droit international, t. XVII, p.406 (pdf) | year = 1843 | access-date = 2010-01-01 | publisher = Oxford University | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202028/https://books.google.com/books?id=cngDAAAAQAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref>

This was part of a secret agreement ([[Plombières Agreement|the Plombières Agreement]]) brokered between the French emperor [[Napoleon III]] and the Count [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour|Camillo of Cavour]] (Prime Minister of Sardinia at that time) that allowed the final steps in the process of [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]]. Victor Emmanuel's dynasty, the House of Savoy, retained its Italian lands of [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]] and became the [[Kings of Italy|ruling dynasty of Italy]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Rattachement de la Savoie à la France 1860 (tableau).JPG|People of [[Chambéry]] with [[French flag]]s celebrating the annexation in 1860.
File:Italy 1843.svg|Map of Savoy in the 19th century and other Italian states in 1843.
File:Italia 1843-fr.svg|French annexation in 1860 (black) after the signing of the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]] and a regional [[referendum]] in favor of the attachment to France (French)
Image:ChâteauChambéry1.JPG|The Château de Chambéry, seat of government, was given a grand new façade following annexation
</gallery>

====20th century====
In 1919, contrary to the annexation treaty, France officially ended the military [[Neutralized Zone of Savoy|neutrality]] of the parts of the country of Savoy that had originally been agreed to at the [[Congress of Vienna]], and also eliminated the [[free trade zone]] – both treaty articles having been broken unofficially in [[World War I]].  France was condemned in 1932 by the international court for noncompliance with the measures of the Treaty of Turin regarding the provinces of Savoy and Nice.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8XYtAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1 | title = La vérité sur la zone franche de la Haute-Savoie, F.Murullaz. Bulletin de l'académie chablaisienne 1915–1916 Séance du 8 Novembre 1915. | year = 1815 | access-date = 2010-01-01 | publisher = Oxford University | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202029/https://books.google.com/books?id=8XYtAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 1960, the term ''annexation'' having acquired negative connotations in France, particularly after Germany's 1871 annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the annexation was renamed ''Rattachement de la Savoie à la France'' (Incorporation of Savoy to France).{{refn|group=n|The word ''rattachement'' (incorporation) was preferred to ''réunion'' which could be reminiscent of the [[Anschluss#Legacy|Anschluss]].}} It was the latter term which was used by the French authorities during the festivities celebrating the 100th anniversary of the annexation.<ref>[http://doc-iep.univ-lyon2.fr/Ressources/Documents/Etudiants/Memoires/MFE2001/lacharmea/these.html La Savoie au miroir du Centenaire de son Rattachement à la France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134512/http://doc-iep.univ-lyon2.fr/Ressources/Documents/Etudiants/Memoires/MFE2001/lacharmea/these.html |date=2007-09-29 }}, Lacharme Amandine</ref>  Daniel Rops of the [[Académie française|French Academy]] justified the new title with these words:

<blockquote>Savoy has begun to solemnize the feasts in 1960, commemorating the centenary of its incorporation (''rattachement'') to France. It is on purpose that the word incorporation (''rattachement'') is highlighted here: the Savoyards attach great value to it, and it is the only one they have resolved to use in the official terminology of the Centenary. In that, they are infinitely right. Yesterday another term that was used: annexation. Looking at it more closely it was wrong! Can we say annexation when we talk about a decision which was approved by 130,889 voters over 135,449? [...]. Savoy was not annexed [...] but actually incorporated freely and by the will of its inhabitants.</blockquote>

A former French deputy, P. Taponnier, spoke of the annexation:{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

<blockquote>In late March 1860, the betrothal ceremony of Savoy to France took place in Tuileries Palace [...], a ceremony which was a pact of love and fidelity [...] it is with free consent that she [Savoy] gave itself to France by a solemn plebiscite of which our leaders can ignore neither the terms nor the commitments. [...] May the bells of our cities [...] in Savoy vibrate in unison to glorify, in this magnificent Centenary, the indefectible commitment of Savoy to France. The Savoyards did not feel Italian. Besides, they spoke French. This explains why in 1858–1859 when rumours ran of the Plombières secret agreement, where Napoleon III and Cavour decided of the fate of Savoy, the Savoyards themselves took the initiative to ask for the incorporation (''rattachement''). [...] Incorporation, not annexation [...] The incorporation was an act of free will, in the logical order of geography and history [...].</blockquote>