Editing Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan (section)

==History==
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| quote = {{flagicon image|}} [[Anishinaabe]] 1668–1671<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}} [[Kingdom of France]] 1671–1763<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg}} [[British Empire]] 1763–1783<br /> {{flag|United States|1848}} 1783–present
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}}[[Image:2009-0618-Soo-RiverofHistoryM.jpg|thumb|right|After being replaced, the [[Old Federal Building (Sault Ste. Marie)|Old Federal Building]] was used by the city for the River of History Museum. It has been renovated for use as the City Hall. The building is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]

For centuries, [[Sioux|Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ]] ([[Dakota people|Dakota]], [[Lakota people|Lakota]], [[Nakoda people|Nakoda]]), or Sioux, people lived in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://native-land.ca/maps/territories/oceti-sakowin-sioux/ |title=Očhéthi Šakówiŋ |website=Native Land |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> Around the 1300s, the [[Anishinaabe]] ([[Ojibwe]]) began to move in from the East Coast, gradually pushing the Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ westward. They called the area '''''Baawitigong''''' ("at the cascading rapids"), after the rapids of [[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]]. French colonists renamed the region [[Saulteaux]] ("rapids" in French). The Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ came to call the Anishinaabe "Ḣaḣaṭuƞwaƞ", or "Dwellers of the Falls".

In 1668, French missionaries [[Claude Dablon]] and [[Jacques Marquette]] founded a Jesuit mission at this site. Sault Ste. Marie developed as one of oldest European cities in the United States west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]], and the oldest permanent European settlement in Michigan.<ref name=":0" /> On June 4, 1671, [[Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson]], a colonial agent, was dispatched from Quebec to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of St. Mary between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Trader Nicolas Perrot helped attract the principal chiefs, and representatives of 14 Indigenous nations were invited for the elaborate ceremony. The French officials proclaimed France's appropriation of the immense territory surrounding [[Lake Superior]] in the name of King [[Louis XIV]].<ref>{{cite DCB |title = Daumont de Saint-Lusson, Simon-François |first = Léopold |last = Lamontagne  |volume = 1 |url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/daumont_de_saint_lusson_simon_francois_1E.html }}</ref>

In the 18th century, the settlement became an important center of the [[fur trade]], when it was a post for the British-owned [[North West Company]], based in Montreal. The fur trader [[John Johnston (Fur trader)|John Johnston]], a [[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]] immigrant from [[Belfast]], was considered the first European settler in 1790. He married a high-ranking Ojibwe woman named [[Ozhaguscodaywayquay]], the daughter of a prominent chief, [[Waubojeeg]]. She also became known as Susan Johnston. Their marriage was one of many alliances in the northern areas between high-ranking European traders and Ojibwe. The family was prominent among Native Americans, First Nations, and Europeans from both Canada and the United States. They had eight children who learned fluent Ojibwe, English and French. The Johnstons entertained a variety of trappers, explorers, traders, and government officials, especially during the years before the [[War of 1812]] between Britain and the United States.<ref name=Bieder1999>{{cite journal |last1 = Bieder |first1 = Robert E. |title = Sault Ste. Marie and the War of 1812: A World Turned Upside Down in the Old Northwest |journal = Indiana Magazine of History |date = March 1999 |volume = 95 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–13 |url = https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11717/17142 }}</ref>

For more than 140 years, the settlement was a single community under French colonial, and later, British colonial rule. After the War of 1812, a US–UK Joint Boundary Commission finally fixed the border in 1817 between the Michigan Territory of the US and the British Province of [[Upper Canada]] to follow the river in this area. Whereas traders had formerly moved freely through the whole area, the United States forbade Canadian traders from operating in the United States, which reduced their trade and disrupted the area's economy. The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste. Marie were each incorporated as independent municipalities toward the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pink |first1=Tom |title=A Youthful 350, Sault Ste. Marie Celebrates Its Long, Long History |url=https://www.lakesuperior.com/travel/michigan/403travelmi/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |work=Lake Superior Magazine |date=August 10, 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref>

As a result of the fur trade, the settlement attracted Ojibwe and [[Odawa|Ottawa]], [[Métis]], and ethnic Europeans of various nationalities. It was a two-tiered society, with fur traders (who had capital) and their families and upper-class Ojibwe in the upper echelon.<ref name="Bieder1999" /> In the aftermath of the War of 1812, however, the community's society changed markedly.<ref name="Bieder1999" />
[[File:Sault Ste Marie, Showing the United States Garrison in the Distance SAAM-1985.66.339 1.jpg|thumb|''Sault Ste. Marie, Showing the United States Garrison in the Distance'' ([[George Catlin]], {{Circa|1837}})]]
The U.S. built [[Fort Brady]] near the settlement, introducing new troops and settlers, mostly Anglo-American. The UK and the US settled on a new northern boundary in 1817, dividing the US and Canada along St. Mary's River. The US prohibited British fur traders from operating in the United States. After completion of the [[Erie Canal]] in New York State in 1825 (expanded in 1832), the number of settlers migrating to Ohio and Michigan increased dramatically from New York and New England, bringing with them the Yankee culture of the Northern Tier. Their numbers overwhelmed the cosmopolitan culture of the earlier settlers. They practiced more discrimination against Native Americans and Métis.

The falls proved a choke point for shipping between the Great Lakes. Early ships traveling to and from Lake Superior were [[portage]]d around the rapids<ref name="clui">{{Cite web |url = http://www.clui.org/section/united-divide-a-linear-portrait-usacanada-border-3 |title = Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary |website = United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border |publisher = The Center for Land Use Interpretation |publication-date = Winter 2015 }}</ref> in a lengthy process (much like moving a house) that could take weeks. Later, only the cargoes were unloaded, hauled around the rapids, and then loaded onto other ships waiting below the rapids. The first American lock, the State Lock, was built in 1855; it was instrumental in improving shipping. The lock has been expanded and improved over the years.

In 1900, Northwestern Leather Company opened a tannery in Sault Ste. Marie.<ref>{{cite book |last = Arbic |first = Bernie |year = 2003 |title = City of the Rapids: Sault Ste. Marie's Heritage |location = Allegan Forest, MI |publisher = Priscilla Press |page = 190 |oclc = 603731644 }}</ref> The tannery was founded to process leather for the upper parts of shoes, which was finer than that for soles.<ref>{{harvp|Arbic|2003|p= 191}}.</ref> After the factory closed in 1958, the property was sold to Filborn Limestone, a subsidiary of [[Algoma Steel]] Corporation.<ref>{{harvp|Arbic|2003|p=  197}}.</ref>

In March 1938 during the [[Great Depression]], Sophia Nolte Pullar bequeathed $70,000 for construction of the Pullar Community Building, which opened in 1939. This building held an indoor [[ice rink]] composed of artificial ice, then a revolutionary concept. The ice rink is still owned by the city.<ref name="pullar">{{cite web |url = http://www.sault-sainte-marie.mi.us/pullar.htm |title = Pullar Community Building |publisher = City of Sault Ste. Marie |access-date = October 24, 2013 }}</ref>