Editing Sarajevo (section)

==Environment==
===Geography===
Sarajevo is near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and within the historical region of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia proper]]. It is situated {{cvt|518|m|ft|sp=us}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]] and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the [[Dinaric Alps]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=78 |title=About Sarajevo – Official Sarajevo statistics |date=6 September 2015 |publisher=sarajevo.ba |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429094339/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=78 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The valley was once an expansive, fertile, and green space, but considerable urban expansion and development took place following World War II. Forested hills and five major mountains surround the city. The highest of the surrounding peaks is [[Treskavica]] at {{cvt|2088|m|ft|sp=us}}, followed by [[Bjelašnica]] mountain at {{cvt|2067|m|ft|sp=us}}, [[Jahorina]] at {{cvt|1913|m|ft|sp=us}}, [[Trebević]] at {{cvt|1627|m|ft|sp=us}}, and [[Igman]] the shortest at {{cvt|1502|m|ft|sp=us}}. The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo.

When the city hosted the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], venues were constructed at these mountains for many winter sports events. The city is developed within hilly terrain; some steeply inclined streets and residences perch on the hillsides.

The [[Miljacka]] river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to the west part of the city, where it eventually meets up with the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] river. Miljacka River is also known as "The Sarajevo River". Its source (''Vrelo Miljacke'') is {{cvt|2|km|mi|abbr=off}} south of the town of [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://draganmocevic.com/vrelo-miljacke-sramota-za-turizam-republike-srpske-i-bih/#.VeuXgHtzqf4 |title=Vrelo Miljacke – sramota za turizam RS i BiH |date=23 December 2013 |publisher=draganmocevic.com |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032742/http://draganmocevic.com/vrelo-miljacke-sramota-za-turizam-republike-srpske-i-bih/#.VeuXgHtzqf4 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the foothills of Mount Jahorina, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo center. The Bosna's source, [[Vrelo Bosne]] near [[Ilidža]] (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams, such as [[Koševski Potok]], also run through the city and its vicinity.

===Cityscape===
[[File:Sarajevo – Iftar at Žuta tabija.jpg|thumb|right|View of Sarajevo from a popular [[Žuta Tabija|Yellow Bastion]] lookout]]

Sarajevo is close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. The Sarajevo city consists of four municipalities: [[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]] (Center), [[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]] (New Town), [[Novo Sarajevo]] (New Sarajevo), and [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]] (Old Town), while the [[Sarajevo metropolitan area]] (Greater Sarajevo area) includes these and the neighboring municipalities of [[Ilidža]], [[Hadžići]], [[Vogošća]] and [[Ilijaš]].

The Metropolitan area was reduced in the 1990s after the war and the [[Dayton Agreement|Dayton-imposed administrative division]] of the country, with several municipalities partitioned along the border of the newly recognized [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (FBiH) and [[Republika Srpska]] (RS), creating several new municipalities which together form the city of [[Istočno Sarajevo]] in the Republika Srpska: [[Istočna Ilidža]], [[Istočno Novo Sarajevo]], [[Istočni Stari Grad]], [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]], [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale (RS-section)]], and [[Trnovo, Republika Srpska|Trnovo (RS-section)]], along with the municipality of [[Sokolac]] (which was not traditionally part of the Sarajevo area and was not partitioned).

The city has an urban area of {{cvt|1041.5|km2|1|abbr=out}}. Veliki Park (Great Park) is the largest green area in the center of Sarajevo. It is nestled between [[Marshal Tito street (Sarajevo)|Titova]], [[Koševo]], [[Džidžikovac]], Tina Ujevića and Trampina Streets and in the lower part there is a monument dedicated to the Children of Sarajevo.

===Climate===
[[File:Sarajevo Veliki-Park 2011-11-08.jpg|thumb|Autumn in Sarajevo – [[Veliki Park (Sarajevo)|Veliki Park]]]]

Sarajevo has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Cfb''') bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Dfb'''). Sarajevo's climate exhibits four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. The proximity of the [[Adriatic Sea]] moderates Sarajevo's climate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce this maritime influence.<ref name="Lacan">{{cite journal |last=Lacan |first=Igor |author2=McBride, Joe R. |year=2009 |title=War and trees: The destruction and replanting of the urban and peri-urban forest of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=133–148 [134] |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2009.04.001|bibcode=2009UFUG....8..133L }}</ref> The average yearly temperature is {{cvt|10|°C|0}}, with January ({{cvt|-0.5|°C|1}} on average) being the coldest month of the year and July ({{cvt|19.7|°C|1}} on average) the warmest.

The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|40.7|°C|0}} on 19 August 1946 and on 23 August 2008 (41.0), while the lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|-26.2|°C|1}} on 25 January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has seven days where the temperature exceeds {{cvt|32|°C|1}} and four days where the temperature drops below {{cvt|-15|C|F}} per year.<ref name=weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35331&cityname=Sarajevo-Federacija-Bosne-I-Hercegovine-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina&units=metric |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101216/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35331&cityname=Sarajevo-Federacija-Bosne-I-Hercegovine-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina&units=metric |url-status=live }}</ref> The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly [[cloud cover]] of 45%.

The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover), while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed [[winter sports]] to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the [[1984 Winter Olympics]] that were held in Sarajevo. Average winds are {{cvt|28|-|48|km/h|0}} and the city has 1,769 hours of sunshine.

{{Weather box
| location = Sarajevo (1991–2020)
| collapsed = 
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 18.2
| Feb record high C = 21.4
| Mar record high C = 26.6
| Apr record high C = 30.2
| May record high C = 33.2
| Jun record high C = 35.9
| Jul record high C = 38.4
| Aug record high C = 40.7
| Sep record high C = 37.7
| Oct record high C = 32.2
| Nov record high C = 24.7
| Dec record high C = 18.0
| year record high C = 40.7
| Jan high C = 4.1
| Feb high C = 6.6
| Mar high C = 11.5
| Apr high C = 16.5
| May high C = 21.4
| Jun high C = 25.4
| Jul high C = 27.8
| Aug high C = 28.3
| Sep high C = 22.5
| Oct high C = 17.3
| Nov high C = 10.6
| Dec high C = 4.3
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 0.6
| Feb mean C = 2.4
| Mar mean C = 6.5
| Apr mean C = 10.8
| May mean C = 15.2
| Jun mean C = 19.0
| Jul mean C = 21.0
| Aug mean C = 21.3
| Sep mean C = 16.5
| Oct mean C = 11.9
| Nov mean C = 6.7
| Dec mean C = 1.3
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = -2.9
| Feb low C = -1.9
| Mar low C = 1.4
| Apr low C = 5.1
| May low C = 9.0
| Jun low C = 12.6
| Jul low C = 14.2
| Aug low C = 14.3
| Sep low C = 10.4
| Oct low C = 6.5
| Nov low C = 2.8
| Dec low C = -1.7
| year low C = 5.4
| Jan record low C = -26.2
| Feb record low C = -23.4
| Mar record low C = -16.4
| Apr record low C = -13.2
| May record low C = -9.0
| Jun record low C = -3.2
| Jul record low C = -2.7
| Aug record low C = -1.0
| Sep record low C = -4.0
| Oct record low C = -10.9
| Nov record low C = -19.3
| Dec record low C = -22.4
| year record low C = -26.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 68.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 67.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 66.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 78.1
| May precipitation mm = 88.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 87.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 75.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 62.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 89.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 91.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 84.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 89.0
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan humidity = 79
| Feb humidity = 74
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 67
| May humidity = 68
| Jun humidity = 70
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 69
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 81
| year humidity = 73
| Jan rain days = 9.6
| Feb rain days = 9.6
| Mar rain days = 9.4
| Apr rain days = 10.8
| May rain days = 11.1
| Jun rain days = 10.3
| Jul rain days = 8.7
| Aug rain days = 7.4
| Sep rain days = 8.8
| Oct rain days = 8.7
| Nov rain days = 8.9
| Dec rain days = 10.2
| year rain days = 
| Jan snow days = 10
| Feb snow days = 12
| Mar snow days = 9
| Apr snow days = 2
| May snow days = 0.2
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 2
| Nov snow days = 6
| Dec snow days = 12
| year snow days = 53
| Jan sun = 57.1
| Feb sun = 83.8
| Mar sun = 125.6
| Apr sun = 152.3
| May sun = 191.7
| Jun sun = 207.1
| Jul sun = 256.3
| Aug sun = 238.2
| Sep sun = 186.6
| Oct sun = 148.8
| Nov sun = 81.2
| Dec sun = 40.7
| year sun = 1769.4
| source 1 = WMO<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=13 |title=World Weather Information Service |publisher=WMO |access-date=2 Jul 2023 |language=en }}</ref>
| source 2 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BH/14654.TXT |title=Sarajevo Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=25 August 2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| date = August 2016
| source = 
}}
[[File:Panorama de Sarajevo 2.jpg|center|thumb|upright=3.75|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Sarajevo [[valley]] from "Yellow Bastion" ''(Žuta tabija)'' lookout, spring 2012]]

===Air quality===
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Sarajevo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/air-pollution-reaching-alarming-levels-in-bosnia-experts-warn-11-30-2015 |title=Air Pollution is Choking Bosnia, Experts Warn :: Balkan Insight |website=www.balkaninsight.com |date=December 2015 |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172340/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/air-pollution-reaching-alarming-levels-in-bosnia-experts-warn-11-30-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/sarajevo-introduces-transport-restrictions-to-ease-pollution |title=Sarajevo introduces transport restrictions to ease pollution |date=2016-12-26 |work=Fox News |access-date=2017-04-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405165941/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/12/26/sarajevo-introduces-transport-restrictions-to-ease-pollution.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]]'s Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100014/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2014 |title=WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016) |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> the annual average [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter|PM2.5]] concentration in 2010 was estimated to be 30 μg/m<sup>3</sup> based on PM10 measurement, which is 3 times higher than recommended by [[WHO Air Quality Guideline]]s<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> for the annual average PM2.5. There are no recent direct long-term PM2.5 measurements available in Sarajevo and only estimates can be made from PM10, which is less health-relevant than PM2.5.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546 |title=Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter (Final Report, Dec 2009) |last1=Sacks |first1=Jason |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055805/https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546 |url-status=live }}</ref> Real-time air quality data in the form of PM10, ozone, [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]], [[Carbon monoxide|CO]] and [[Sulfur dioxide|SO<sub>2</sub>]] by the [http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php Federal Hydrometeorological Institute] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190025/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php |date=13 September 2018 }}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php |title=Federalni hidrometeorološki zavod |website=www.fhmzbih.gov.ba |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190025/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>