Editing Salisbury (section)

==History==

===Old Sarum===
{{Main|Old Sarum|Old Sarum Cathedral|Old Sarum Castle}}
[[File:Old Sarum Model from West.jpg|thumb|right|A reconstruction of Old Sarum in the 12th century]]
[[File:Salisbury from old Sarum.jpg|thumb|Salisbury viewed from Old Sarum]]
The hilltop at [[Old Sarum]] lies near the [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic]] sites of [[Stonehenge]] and [[Avebury]] and shows some signs of early settlement.<ref>English Heritage. ''Old Sarum'', {{nowrap|p. 22}}. (London), 2003.</ref> It commanded a [[salient (territory)|salient]] between the [[River Bourne, Wiltshire|River Bourne]] and the [[Hampshire]] [[River Avon, Hampshire|Avon]], near a crossroads of several early trade routes.<ref name="wilt193">{{Cite web|title=Salisbury: Thumbnail History|url=https://apps.wiltshire.gov.uk/communityhistory/Community/Index/193|access-date=14 February 2021|website=Wiltshire Community History|publisher=Wiltshire Council}}</ref> During the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]], sometime between 600 and 300&nbsp;BC, a [[British hillforts|hillfort]] ([[oppidum]]) was constructed around it.<ref name=wilt193/> The [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] may have occupied the site or left it in the hands of an allied tribe. At the time of the [[Saxon invasions of Britain|Saxon invasions]], Old Sarum fell to [[list of kings of Wessex|King]] [[Cynric of Wessex]] in 552.<ref name="Leeds">{{cite journal |last=Leeds |first=E.T. |author-link=Edward Thurlow Leeds |url=https://www.oxoniensia.org/volumes/1954/leeds.pdf |title=The Growth of Wessex |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=LIX |pages=55–56 |year=1954}} {{open access}}</ref> Preferring settlements in bottomland, such as nearby [[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]], the Saxons largely ignored Old Sarum until the [[Viking invasions of England|Viking invasions]] led {{nowrap|[[list of English kings|King]] [[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]}} (King of Wessex from 871 to 899) to restore its fortifications.<ref name=wilt193/> Along with Wilton, however, it was abandoned by its residents to be sacked and burned by the [[list of Danish kings|Dano]]-[[list of Norwegian kings|Norwegian king]] [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] in 1003.<ref>{{cite DNB |last= Hunt |first= William |wstitle= Sweyn (d.1014) |volume= 55 |page= 202}}</ref> It subsequently became the site of Wilton's [[royal mint|mint]].<ref name=wilt193/> Following the [[Norman Conquest of England|Norman invasion]] of 1066, a [[motte-and-bailey castle]] was constructed by 1070.<ref name=wilt193/> The castle was held directly by the Norman kings; its [[castellan]] was generally also the [[High Sheriff of Wiltshire|sheriff of Wiltshire]].

In 1075 the [[Council of London in 1075|Council of London]] established [[Herman (bishop of Salisbury)|Herman]] as the first [[bishop of Salisbury]],<ref name="bho">British History Online. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1066-1300/vol4/pp1-7 ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'', Vol.&nbsp;IV, "Salisbury: Bishops"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502152329/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1066-1300/vol4/pp1-7 |date=2 May 2015 }}. Institute of Historical Research (London), 1991.</ref> uniting his former sees of [[Bishop of Sherborne|Sherborne]] and [[Bishop of Ramsbury|Ramsbury]] into a single diocese which covered the [[list of English counties|counties]] of [[Dorset]], Wiltshire, and [[Berkshire]]. In 1055, Herman had planned to move his seat to [[Malmesbury]], but [[Malmesbury Abbey|its monks]] and [[Earl Godwin]] objected.<ref>{{cite CE1913 |last= Dolan |first= John Gilbert |wstitle= Malmesbury |volume= 9}}</ref> Herman and his successor, [[Saint Osmund]], began the construction of the [[Old Sarum Cathedral|first Salisbury cathedral]], though neither lived to see its completion in 1092.<ref name="bho" /> Osmund served as [[Lord Chancellor]] of [[Norman England|England]] (in office {{circa}} 1070–1078); he was responsible for the codification of the [[Sarum Rite]],<ref>{{cite CE1913|last= Bergh |first= Frederick T. |wstitle= Sarum Rite|volume= 13}}</ref> the compilation of the [[Domesday Book]], which was probably presented to William at Old Sarum,<ref name=wilt193/> and, after centuries of advocacy from Salisbury's bishops, was finally canonised by [[list of popes|Pope]] {{nowrap|[[Callixtus III]]}} in 1457.<ref>Swanson, R.N. ''Religion and Devotion in Europe, {{circa|lk=no|1215}}–{{circa|lk=no|1515}}'', pp.&nbsp;148 & 315. Cambridge University Press ([[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]), 1995. {{ISBN|0-521-37950-4}}.</ref> The [[Old Sarum Cathedral|cathedral]] was [[consecration|consecrated]] on 5 April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later.<ref>''The Ecclesiologist'', p.&nbsp;60.</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/old-sarum.htm "Old Sarum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015214317/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/old-sarum.htm |date=15 October 2012 }} at ''Sacred Destinations''. Accessed 10 September 2010.</ref> [[Roger of Salisbury|Bishop Roger]] was a close ally of {{nowrap|[[Henry I of England|Henry I]]}} (reigned 1100–1135): he served as viceroy during the king's absence in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]<ref name=rogereb/> and directed, along with his extended family, the royal administration and [[exchequer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=R.H.C. |title=King Stephen |publisher=Longman |year=1977 |isbn=0-582-48727-7 |location=London |page=31}}</ref> He refurbished and expanded Old Sarum's cathedral in the 1110s and began work on a royal palace during the 1130s, prior to his arrest by Henry's successor, [[Stephen of England|Stephen]].<ref name="rogereb">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Roger, bishop of Salisbury |volume= 23 |page= 454}}</ref> After this arrest, the castle at Old Sarum was allowed to fall into disrepair, but the sheriff and castellan continued to administer the area under the king's authority.<ref name="storytime">{{Cite book |last=Storer |first=James |title=History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Churches of Great Britain |publisher=Rivingtons |year=1819 |volume=4 |location=London |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UUQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT73 73]}}</ref>

===New Sarum===
[[File:Salisbury Cathedral West Front.jpg|thumb|upright|The Great West Front of [[Salisbury Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Louise Rayner Minster Street Salisbury.jpg|thumb|upright|Minster Street, c. 1870]]

Bishop of Salisbury [[Hubert Walter]] was instrumental in the negotiations with [[Saladin]] during the [[Third Crusade]], but he spent little time in his diocese prior to his elevation to [[archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref name="timetimetime">{{Cite book |last=Frost |first=Christian |title=Time, Space, and Order: The Making of Medieval Salisbury |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2009 |location=Bern |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ob-vsvZmHUC&pg=PA34 34]}}</ref> The brothers [[Herbert Poore|Herbert]] and [[Richard Poore]] succeeded him and began planning the relocation of the cathedral into the valley almost immediately. Their plans were approved by {{nowrap|[[list of English kings|King]] [[Richard the Lion-hearted|Richard I]]}} but repeatedly delayed: Herbert was first forced into exile in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] in the 1190s by the hostility of his archbishop [[Hubert Walter|Walter]] and then again to [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] in the 1210s owing to royal hostility following the [[interdiction#England|papal interdiction]] against {{nowrap|[[John Lackland|King John]]}}. The secular authorities were particularly incensed, according to tradition, owing to some of the clerics debauching the castellan's female relations.<ref name=storytime/> In the end, the clerics were refused permission to reenter the city walls following their [[rogation]]s and [[Procession#Roman Catholics|processions]].<ref name="lele">{{harvnb|Ledwich|1777|pp=253 ff.}} quotes [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]</ref> This caused [[Peter of Blois]] to describe the church as "a captive within the walls of the citadel like the [[ark of God]] in the profane house of [[Baal]]". He advocated
{{blockquote|Let us descend into the plain! There are rich fields and fertile valleys abounding in the fruits of the earth and watered by the living stream. There is a seat for the Virgin Patroness of our church to which the world cannot produce a parallel.<ref name="review">{{Cite book |last=Prothero |first=George Walter |title=The Quarterly Review |title-link=The Quarterly Review |publisher=John Murray |year=1858 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9iMYdkrkLe4C&pg=PA115 115]}}</ref>
}}

Herbert Poore's successor and brother Richard Poore eventually moved the cathedral to a [[new town#United Kingdom|new town]] on his estate at Veteres Sarisberias ("Old Salisburies") in 1220. The site was at "Myrifield" ("Merryfield"),<ref name="leddy">{{Cite book |last=Ledwich |first=Edward |title=Antiquitates Sariſburienſes: The History and Antiquities of Old and New Sarum Collected from Original Records and Early Writers |publisher=E. Easton etc. |year=1777 |location=Salisbury |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=czgtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260 260] |chapter=Appendix of Original Records, with Observations }}</ref> a meadow near the confluence of the [[River Nadder]] and the [[Hampshire]] [[River Avon, Hampshire|Avon]]. It was first known as "New Sarum"<ref name=review/> or {{nowrap|New Saresbyri}}.<ref name=lele/> The town was laid out on a [[grid pattern|grid]].

Work on the new cathedral building, the present Salisbury Cathedral, began in 1221. The site was supposedly established by shooting an arrow from Old Sarum, although this is certainly a legend: the distance is over {{convert|3|km|mi|frac=2|spell=in}}. The legend is sometimes amended to claim that the arrow struck a white deer, which continued to run and died on the spot where the cathedral now rests. The structure was built upon wooden faggots on a gravel bed with unusually shallow foundations of {{convert|18|in|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} and the main body was completed in only 38 years. The {{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or|adj=on}} tall spire, the tallest in the UK, was built later. With royal approval, many of the stones for the new cathedral were taken from the [[Old Sarum Cathedral|old one]]; others came from [[Chilmark Quarries|Chilmark]]. They were probably transported by ox-cart, owing to the obstruction to boats on the [[River Nadder]] caused by its many weirs and watermills. The cathedral is considered a masterpiece of [[Early English Period|Early English architecture]]. The spire's [[Salisbury Cathedral clock|large clock]] was installed in 1386, and is one of the oldest surviving mechanical clocks in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's Oldest Working Clock |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/28/oldest-work-clock-oped-time08-cx_po_0229salisbury.html#266d099e31f3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509222205/https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/28/oldest-work-clock-oped-time08-cx_po_0229salisbury.html#266d099e31f3 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> The cathedral also contains the best-preserved of the four surviving copies of [[Magna Carta]].

New Sarum was made a [[list of cities in the United Kingdom|city]] by a charter from {{nowrap|[[list of English kings|King]] [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]}} in 1227<ref name="easty">Easton, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SDdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''A Chronology of Remarkable Events Relative to the City of New Sarum, with the Year, and the Name of the Mayor in whose Time they occurred: Chiefly collected from the authentic Sources of the City Records, and Manuscripts of Citizens, From {{sc|a.d.}}&nbsp;1227 to 1823, a Period of 596 Years, Including the Prices of Wheat and Barley from an Early Æra: To which are added, Their annual Average Prices for 28 Years, Being from 1796 to 1823'', 5th&nbsp;ed., p.&nbsp;1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101200228/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SDdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |date=1 January 2015 }} J.&nbsp;Easton (Salisbury), 1824.</ref> and, by the 14th century, was the largest settlement in Wiltshire.  The city wall surrounds the Close and was built in the 14th century, again with stones removed from the former cathedral at Old Sarum. The wall now has five gates: the High Street Gate, {{nowrap|St Ann's}} Gate, the Queen's Gate, and {{nowrap|St Nicholas's}} Gate were original, while a fifth was constructed in the 19th century to allow access to Bishop Wordsworth's School, in the Cathedral Close. During his time in the city, the composer [[Handel]] stayed in a room above St Ann's gate. The original site of the city at Old Sarum, meanwhile, fell into disuse. It continued as a [[rotten borough]]: at the time of its abolition during the reforms of 1832, its [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) represented three households.

In May 1289, there was uncertainty about the future of [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]], and her father sent ambassadors to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. Edward met [[Robert the Bruce]] and others at Salisbury in October 1289, which resulted in the [[Treaty of Salisbury (1289)|Treaty of Salisbury]], under which Margaret would be sent to Scotland before 1 November 1290 and any agreement on her future marriage would be delayed until she was in Scotland.<ref>Oram. ''Canmore Kings'', {{nowrap|p. 109}}.</ref>

The [[Parliament of England]] met at New Sarum in the years 1324, 1328, and 1384.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2012 |title=Parliaments held away from Westminster |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06471/SN06471.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609160550/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06471/SN06471.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2015 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=House of Commons Library}}</ref>

In 1450, a number of riots broke out in Salisbury at roughly the same time as [[Jack Cade]] led a famous rebellion through London. The riots occurred for related reasons, although the declining fortunes of Salisbury's cloth trade may also have been influential. The violence peaked with the murder of the bishop, [[William Ayscough]], who had been involved with the government. In 1483, a large-scale rebellion against [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] broke out, led by his own 'kingmaker', [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]. After the revolt collapsed, Buckingham was executed at Salisbury, near the Bull's Head Inn. An [[act of Parliament]], the [[River Avon Navigation (Christchurch to New Sarum) Act 1664]] ([[16 & 17 Cha. 2]]. c. 12) was passed on 2 March 1665 for making the [[River Avon, Hampshire|River Avon]] navigable from [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]] to the city of New Sarum. and the work completed, only for the project to be ruined shortly thereafter by a major flood.<ref>Priestley, Joseph. [[:s:Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain/Avon River, Hampshire|''Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain, as a Reference to Nichols, Priestley & Walker's'' New Map of Inland Navigation, ''Derived from Original and Parliamentary Documents in the Possession of Joseph Priestley, Esq.'', p.&nbsp;37]]. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green (London), 1831. Hosted at [[:s:Main Page|Wikisource]].</ref> Soon after, during the [[Great Plague of London]], [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] held court in Salisbury's cathedral close.

Salisbury was the site chosen to assemble [[James II of England|James II]]'s forces to resist the [[Glorious Revolution]]. He arrived to lead his approximately {{nowrap|19&thinsp;000}} men on 19 November 1688. His troops were not keen to fight Mary or her husband William, and the loyalty of many of James's commanders was in doubt. The first blood was shed at the [[Wincanton Skirmish]], in [[Somerset]]. In Salisbury, James heard that some of his officers had deserted, such as [[Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]], and he broke out in a nosebleed, which he took as an omen that he should retreat. His commander in chief, the [[Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham|Earl of Feversham]], advised retreat on 23 November, and the next day [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill]] defected to William. On 26 November, James's own daughter, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Princess Anne]], did the same, and James returned to London the same day, never again to be at the head of a serious military force in England.<ref>Childs, J. ''The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution''. (Manchester), 1980.</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Secret Spitfires Memorial 3.jpg|thumb|Secret Spitfire Memorial, view from the south]]
Following the destruction by the [[Luftwaffe]] of the Southampton factories building [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s in 1940, production was dispersed to [[shadow factories]] elsewhere in the south of England. Salisbury was the major centre of production, supplemented by [[Trowbridge]] and [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]]. Several factories were set up in the centre of Salisbury and staffed by predominantly young women who had no previous mechanical experience but were trained for specific tasks in the aircraft construction process. Supporting the factories were many workers producing small components in home-based workshops and garden sheds. Sub-assemblies were built in the city centre factories and then transported to [[RAF High Post|High Post]] airfield (north of the city, in Durnford parish) and Chattis Hill<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chattis Hill Airfield|url=https://www.hampshireairfields.co.uk/airfields/cha.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.hampshireairfields.co.uk}}</ref> (northeast, near [[Stockbridge, Hampshire|Stockbridge]]), where the aircraft were assembled, test flown and then distributed to [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] airfields across England. A total of over 2000 Spitfires were produced. The whole process was carried out in secret without the knowledge of even the local people and only emerged into public knowledge after the production of a film describing the whole process.<ref>{{cite AV media
 | people = Ethem Cetintas, Karl Howman
 | title = The Secret Spitfires
 | medium = DVD
 | publisher = Secret Spitfires Charity
 | location = Salisbury, Southampton
 | date = 2015
 | url = https://www.secretspitfires.com/shop/directors-cut-dvd/}}</ref> In July 2021 a memorial to the workers, in the form of a life-size fibreglass model Mk IX Spitfire, was unveiled in Castle Road, Salisbury (near the rugby club) on the site of one of the factories.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.secretspitfiresmemorial.org.uk
 | title = Secret Spitfires
 | last =
 | first =
 | date = 
 | website = Secret Spitfires Charity
 | publisher =
 | access-date = 14 July 2021
 | quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/news/19433956.salisbury-celebrates-secret-spitfire-memorial-ceremony-fly-past/
 | title = Salisbury celebrates Secret Spitfire Memorial with ceremony and fly-past
 | last = Gibson
 | first = Gemma
 | date = 10 July 2021
 | website =
 | publisher = Salisbury journal
 | access-date = 14 July 2021
 | quote = }}</ref>

At the time of the [[1948 Summer Olympics]], held in London, a relay of runners carried the [[Olympic Flame]] from [[Wembley Stadium]], where the Games were based, to the sailing centre at [[Torbay]] via [[Slough]], [[Basingstoke]], Salisbury, and [[Exeter]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The [[Local Government Act 1972]] eliminated the administration of the City of New Sarum under its former charters, but its successor, [[Wiltshire County Council|Wiltshire County]]'s [[Salisbury District]], continued to be accorded its former city status. The name was finally formally amended from "New Sarum" to "Salisbury" during the [[2009 structural changes to local government in England|2009 changes]] occasioned by the [[Local Government Act 1992]], which established the Salisbury City Council.

On 4 March 2018, former Russian double agent [[Sergei Skripal]] and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|poisoned in Salisbury]] with a [[Novichok]] nerve agent.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russian spy: What we know so far |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43315636 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531172802/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43315636 |archive-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>