Editing Saint Pierre and Miquelon (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}
{{close paraphrasing|source=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA33 ''France's Overseas Frontier''] |date=October 2020}}
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| image1 = St Pierre. Le Quai La Roncière.jpg
| caption1 = Saint-Pierre, Quai La Roncière, 1887
| image2 = Un coin de Saint Pierre.jpg
| caption2 = Saint-Pierre in 1921
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===Before 1900===
Archaeological evidence indicates that Indigenous peoples, such as the [[Beothuk]], visited St Pierre and Miquelon. However, it is not thought that they settled on the islands permanently.{{cn|date=August 2020}} On 21 October 1520, the Portuguese explorer [[João Álvares Fagundes]] landed on the islands and named the St. Pierre island group the '[[Eleven Thousand Virgins]]' ({{Langx|pt|ilhas das Onze Mil Virgens}}), as the day marked the feast day of [[St. Ursula]] and her virgin companions.<ref>{{Google books|M1JIPAN-eJ4C|page=328|Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600...}} By Adrian Room</ref> In 1536 [[Jacques Cartier]] claimed the islands as a French possession on behalf of the King of France, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]].<ref name="1999-insee-731" /> Though already frequented by [[Mi'kmaq people]]<ref name="gb-11">{{Google books|vRB3woPa7LAC|page= 33|France's Overseas Frontier: Départements Et Territoires D'outre-mer}} By Robert Aldrich, John Connell</ref> and by Basque and Breton fishermen,<ref name="1999-insee-731" /> the islands were not permanently settled until the end of the 17th century: four permanent inhabitants were counted in 1670, and 22 in 1691.<ref name="1999-insee-731" />

In 1670, during [[Jean Talon]]'s second tenure as [[Intendant of New France]], a French officer annexed the islands after he discovered a dozen fishermen from France encamped there, naming them Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. During [[King William's War]] and [[Queen Anne's War]], [[Kingdom of England|English]] forces launched multiple attacks against French colonial settlements on the islands, and by the early 18th century the colonists had abandoned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon altogether.<ref name="gb-11" /> In the 1713 [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]], which ended the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], France ceded the islands to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]].<ref name="gb-11" /> The British renamed the island of Saint-Pierre to Saint Peter, and small numbers of colonists from [[Great Britain]] and [[British America|Britain's American colonies]] began to settle on the islands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pierre_english_period.html |title=The British Period (1714–1764): Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802190528/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pierre_english_period.html |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swgc.mun.ca/nfld_history/CO194/CO194-26.htm |title=CO194-26<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722065507/http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/nfld_history/CO194/CO194-26.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], which put an end to the [[Seven Years' War]], France ceded all its [[New France|North American possessions]] to Britain, though the British granted [[French Shore|fishing rights]] to French fishermen along the Newfoundland coast, and as part of that arrangement returned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to France's control.<ref name="gb-12">{{Google books|IVrdzKdvvMYC|page=15|Atlantic Canada}} By Benoit Prieur</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> After France [[France in the American Revolutionary War|entered]] the [[American Revolutionary War]] on the side of the [[United States]] and declared war on Britain, a British force invaded Saint-Pierre and Miquelon and briefly occupied them, destroying all colonial settlements on the islands and deporting 2,000 colonists back to France.<ref name="gb-16"/> In 1793, during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], another British force landed in Saint-Pierre and, in the following year, again deported the French colonial population, and tried to establish a community of Anglophone settlers.<ref name="gb-11"/>

The nascent British colony was in turn attacked by the [[French Navy]] in 1796. The [[Treaty of Amiens]] of 1802 returned the islands to France, but Britain reoccupied them when hostilities recommenced the next year.<ref name="gb-11"/> The 1814 [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]] gave the islands back to France, though the UK occupied them yet again during the [[Hundred Days]] in 1815. When France immediately reclaimed the uninhabited islands, it found all structures and buildings destroyed or fallen into disrepair.<ref name="gb-11"/> The islands were resettled in 1816 by Basques, Bretons and [[Normans]], joined by various other peoples, particularly from the nearby island of Newfoundland.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/> Only around the middle of the century did increased fishing bring a certain prosperity to the little colony.<ref name="gb-11"/>

===1900–1945===
In 1903, the colony toyed with the idea of joining the United States, but nothing came of the idea.<ref name=willing>{{Cite news |date=23 November 1903 |title=WILLING TO BE ANNEXED: St. Pierre and Miquelon Would Like to Join United States. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1903/11/23/archives/willing-to-be-annexed-st-pierre-and-miquelon-would-like-to-join.html |access-date=8 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103111155/https://www.nytimes.com/1903/11/23/archives/willing-to-be-annexed-st-pierre-and-miquelon-would-like-to-join.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the early 1910s, the colony suffered severely as a result of unprofitable fisheries, and large numbers of its people emigrated to [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Quebec]].<ref name="1911a">{{Cite EB1922 |wstitle=St. Pierre and Miquelon |volume=32 |page=344 }}</ref> The draft imposed on all male inhabitants of conscript age after the beginning of [[World War I]] in 1914 crippled the fisheries, as their catch could not be processed by the older men or the women and children.<ref name="1911a"/> About 400 men from the colony served in the [[French Armed Forces|French military]] during World War I (1914–1918), 25% of whom died.<ref name="gb-14"/> The increase in the adoption of steam [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] in the fisheries also contributed to the reduction in employment opportunities.<ref name="1911a"/>

Smuggling had always been an important economic activity in the islands; however, it became especially prominent in the 1920s with the institution of [[Prohibition in the United States]] from January 1920.<ref name="gb-14">{{Google books|9MuNCBMMqPoC|page=59|The Fog of War: Censorship of Canada's Media in World War II}} By Mark Bourrie</ref> In 1931, the archipelago was reported by ''The New York Times'' to have imported {{convert|1815271|U.S.gal|impgal L|abbr=off|lk=out}} of whisky from Canada in 12 months, most of it to be smuggled into the United States.<ref name="pro-nyt">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/10/25/archives/french-islands-got-8856320-whisky-st-pierre-and-miquelon-imported.html |title=St. Pierre and Miquelon Imported 1,815,271 Gallons From Canada in Twelve Months |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 October 1931 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512185200/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F17FD395E10728DDDAC0A94D8415B818FF1D3 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Okrent |first=Daniel |year=2010 |title=Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJbBqn3XWqAC&pg=PA167 |location=New York |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1-4391-7169-1 |oclc=676824487 |pages=169–172? |access-date=20 October 2020 }}</ref> The end of Prohibition in 1933 plunged the islands once more into economic depression.<ref name="bbc-sm">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4562487.stm |title=St Pierre and Miquelon |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202153632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4562487.stm |archive-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], despite opposition from Canada, Britain,<ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=Doody, Richard |url=http://worldatwar.net/article/miquelon/ |title='Over by Christmas.' The Liberation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon |publisher=The World at War |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110224038/http://worldatwar.net/article/miquelon/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States, [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s [[Free French Forces]] [[Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|seized the archipelago]] from [[Vichy France]], to which the local administrator had pledged its allegiance, in December 1941. In referendums on both islands, the population endorsed the takeover by [[Free France]] by over 98%.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="gb-15">{{Google books|h5YHyfXixz8C|page=179|War, cooperation, and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean ...}} By Fitzroy André Baptiste</ref>
[[File:Rue Albert Briand, Saint-Pierre's pedestrianized street lined with bars and restaurants.jpg|thumb|Rue Albert Briand, Saint-Pierre's pedestrianized street lined with bars and restaurants]]

===After 1945===
The colony became a [[Overseas territory (France)|French Overseas Territory]] in 1946. After the [[1958 French constitutional referendum]], the territory of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon was asked to choose one of three options: becoming fully integrated with France, becoming a self-governing state within the [[French Community]], or preserving the status of an overseas territory; it decided to remain a territory.<ref name="herald">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l0dkAAAAIBAJ&pg=3543,4308809 |title=St Pierre Stays French |newspaper=The Calgary Herald |date=18 December 1958 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207235122/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l0dkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JHwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3543,4308809 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The archipelago became an overseas territory in 1946, then an [[overseas department]] on 19 July 1976,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000684772/ |title=Law n ° 76-664 of July 19, 1976 relating to the organization of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |work=Official Journal of the French Republic |date=20 July 1976 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029102904/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000684772/ |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr }}</ref> before it acquired the status of [[territorial collectivity]] on 11 June 1985, thus withdrawing from the [[European Communities]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000693671/2020-10-25/ |title=Law n ° 85-595 of June 11, 1985 relating to the status of the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029054932/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000693671/2020-10-25/ |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr }}</ref><ref name="rece-2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1 |title=Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en 2006 |publisher=Insee |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204040/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>