Editing Sailing ship (section)

=== South China Sea and Austronesia ===
{{Main|Austronesian maritime trade network|Lashed-lug boat|Outrigger boat|Junk (ship)}}
[[File:Atlas pittoresque pl 096.jpg|thumb|[[Fiji#Early settlement|Fijian]] voyaging [[outrigger boat]] with a [[crab claw sail]], an example of a typical [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian vessel]] with [[outrigger]]s and a [[fore-and-aft]] sail]]
[[File:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|A carved stone relief panel showing a [[Borobudur ship]] (Austronesian) from 8th century [[Java]], depicted with [[outrigger]]s and fore-and-aft [[tanja sail]]s]]
[[File:Chinese Junk Keying.jpg|thumb|Chinese junk ''[[Keying (ship)|Keying]]'' with a center-mounted rudder post, {{circa|1848}}]]
Early sea-going sailing vessels were used by the [[Austronesian peoples]]. The invention of [[catamaran]]s, [[outrigger ship|outriggers]], and [[crab claw sail]]s enabled the [[Austronesian Expansion]] at around 3000 to 1500 BC. From Taiwan, they rapidly colonized the islands of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], then sailed further onwards to [[Micronesia]], [[Island Melanesia]], [[Polynesia]], and [[Madagascar]]. Austronesian rigs were distinctive in that they had spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between), in contrast to western rigs which only had a spar on the upper edge.<ref name="Doran1974">{{cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin Jr. |title=Outrigger Ages |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1974 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1 |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|first1= Waruno|last1=Mahdi|editor1-last =Blench|editor1-first= Roger |editor2-last=Spriggs|editor2-first=Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =978-0415100540}}</ref>

Large Austronesian trading ships with as many as four sails were recorded by [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD) scholars as the ''[[K'un-lun po|kunlun bo]]'' or ''K'un-lun po'' (崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the [[Kunlun (mythology)|Kunlun]] people"). They were booked by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims for passage to Southern India and Sri Lanka.<ref name="Kang">{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Heejung |title=Kunlun and Kunlun Slaves as Buddhists in the Eyes of the Tang Chinese |journal=Kemanusiaan |date=2015 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=27–52 |url=http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol22_1_2015/KAJH%2022(1)%20Art%202%20(27-52)%20(1).pdf |access-date=2019-09-29 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118114439/http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol22_1_2015/KAJH%2022(1)%20Art%202%20(27-52)%20(1).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bas relief]]s of large Javanese [[outrigger boat|outriggers]] ships with various configurations of tanja sails are also found in the [[Borobudur]] temple, dating back to the 8th century CE.<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=The Telegraph | title= A strange kind of dream come true| first=Elizabeth |last=Grice |date=17 March 2004|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3613971/A-strange-kind-of-dream-come-true.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3613971/A-strange-kind-of-dream-come-true.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=3 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="haddon">{{cite book |last1=Haddon |first1=A.C. |title=The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes |date=1920 |publisher=London, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/outriggersofindo00hadduoft}}</ref>{{rp|100}}

By the 10th century AD, the [[Song dynasty]] started building the first Chinese seafaring [[Junk (ship)|junks]], which adopted several features of the ''K'un-lun po''.<ref name="Pham" />{{rp|18}} The [[junk rig]] in particular, became associated with Chinese coast-hugging trading ships.<ref name="Paine_2013">{{cite book|title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World|last=Paine|first=Lincoln|publisher=Random House, LLC|year=2013|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Worcester 1947">{{Cite book|title=The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, A Study in Chinese Nautical Research, Volume I: Introduction; and Craft of the Estuary and Shanghai Area|last=Worcester|first=G. R. G.|publisher=Order of the Inspector General of Customs|year=1947|location=Shanghai}}</ref>{{rp|22}}<ref name="Pham">{{cite book |last1=Pham |first1=Charlotte Minh-Hà L. |url=https://www.academia.edu/10065854 |title=Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific |date=2012 |publisher=UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education |isbn=978-92-9223-414-0 |location=Bangkok |chapter=Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage) |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711184234/https://www.academia.edu/10065854 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|20-21}} Junks in China were constructed from teak with pegs and nails; they featured [[Compartment (ship)|watertight]] compartments and acquired center-mounted [[tiller]]s and [[rudder]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC&pg=PA216|title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500|last=Hall|first=Kenneth R.|date=2010-12-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742567627|pages=216|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027232127/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> These ships became the basis for the development of Chinese warships during the [[Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]], and were used in the unsuccessful [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] [[Mongol invasion of Java|and Java]].<ref name="Worcester 1947"/>{{rp|22}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nugroho |first=Irawan Djoko |title=Majapahit Peradaban Maritim |publisher=Suluh Nuswantara Bakti |year=2011 |isbn=978-602-9346-00-8 |location=Jakarta |pages=128–129}}</ref>

The [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) saw the use of junks as long-distance trading vessels. Chinese Admiral [[Zheng He]] reportedly sailed to India, Arabia, and southern Africa on a trade and diplomatic mission.<ref name="Wade">{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Geoff |title=The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2005 |volume=78 |issue=1 (288) |pages=37–58 |jstor=41493537 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/hong-kong/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-junk/|title=A Brief History Of The Chinese Junk|last=Gao|first=Sally|website=Culture Trip|date=16 October 2016|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=2019-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602160146/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/hong-kong/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-junk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Literary lore suggests that his largest vessel, the "[[Chinese treasure ship|Treasure Ship]]", measured {{Convert|400|ft|m|abbr=}} in length and {{Convert|150|ft|m|abbr=}} in width,<ref name="Church">{{cite journal |last1=Church |first1=Sally K. |date=2005 |title=Zheng He: an investigation into the plausibility of 450-ft treasure ships |journal=Monumenta Serica |volume=53 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001 |jstor=40727457 |s2cid=161434221 }}</ref> whereas modern research suggests that it was unlikely to have exceeded {{Convert|70|m|ft|abbr=}} in length.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ling |first1=Xue |date=2022-07-12 |title=郑和大号宝船到底有多大？ (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?) |work=扬子晚报 (Yangtze Evening News) |editor1-last=Li |editor1-first=Ma |url=http://epaper.tyrbw.com/tywb/resfile/2022-07-12/21/tywb2022071221.pdf |editor2-last=Limin |editor2-first=Wu |editor3-last=Xiuling |editor3-first=Pei |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173024/http://epaper.tyrbw.com/tywb/resfile/2022-07-12/21/tywb2022071221.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>