Editing SKF (section)

=== Invention of ball and roller bearings ===
[[File:Axel Carlander 1937.JPG|thumb|Industrialist Axel Carlander, co-founder of SKF (1869-1939)|left]]The development of SKF is a significant part of the Swedish and global machine industry development. AB SKF was established in Gothenburg in 1907 with the initial capital and startup project for ball bearing manufacturing of Gamlestadens Fabriker AB, under the guidance of co-owners and members of the board Axel Carlander and Knut Johansson Mark, following the invention of the spherical ball bearing by engineer [[Sven Gustaf Wingqvist|Sven Gustaf Wingquist]]. He was an operations engineer in Gamlestadens Fabriker AB and was then appointed CEO and technical manager in SKF. Industrialist Axel Carlander was the first chairman of the board of SKF from 1907 to 1937 during which time he implemented successful industrial and corporate managerial strategies for the startup and growth of SKF and the establishment of its factories outside Sweden. 

Historically, the machine industry development and industrial production of innovative technical models depend on both engineering and industrial leaders, on the base of their educational, research and professional experience. In this context, the startup and growth of SKF has become possible due to the engineering experience and inventions of Sven Wingquist and the industrial managerial experience and strategies of Axel Carlander.

[[Sven Gustaf Wingqvist|Sven Wingqvist]], at the time a thirty-year-old plant engineer responsible for repairs and maintenance at Gamlestadens Fabriker, was dissatisfied with the performance of the ball bearings then in use.  In spring 1907, Wingquist presented a breakthrough: a double row self-aligning ball bearing with a spherical raceway in the outer ring, shared by both rows of balls.  This allowed the inner ring to align freely in relation to the outer ring, with no negative impact on the function of the bearing.  The new bearing solved the problem associated with misalignment of the shafts and thus did away with the frequent production stops. Self-alignment was particularly useful in the less-than-perfect machinery of the times and in buildings with subsidence problems, which was the case at Gamlestadens Fabriker, since much of the land on which Gothenburg has been built is clay.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

On 16 February 1907, Wingqvist applied for Swedish [[patent]] No. 25406, a multi-row self-aligning radial [[ball bearing]].  The Patent was granted on 6 June in Sweden coinciding with patents in 10 other countries.  The new ball bearing was successful from the outset.  Three years after SKF was founded, the company had 325 employees and a subsidiary in the [[United Kingdom]].  Manufacturing operations were later established in multiple countries.

In 1906, Sven Wingquist patented the [[self-aligning ball bearing]], and in 1907, the multi-row self-regulating radial ball bearing (spherical ball bearing). He graduated [[Örebro]] Technical Elementary School in 1894, whereafter he started working as an engineer in Swedish textile factories, respectively [[Jonsereds Fabrikers AB|Jonsereds Fabriker AB]] from 1896 to 1899 and Gamlestadens Fabriker AD from 1899 onwards. As an operations engineer responsible for repairs and maintenance at Gamlestadens Fabriker AD he sought opportunities to improve the efficiency and endurance of the ball bearings used at the time. Due to that, he was interested in a comparative study from 1902 about ball and plain bearings by professor [[Richard Stribeck]] of the [[TU Dresden|Institute of Technology]] in [[Dresden]], Germany. Sven Wingquist invented the first design of combined self-aligning spherical ball bearing. It was a revolutionary upgrade of the first ball bearing design which was invented and patented by Welsh iron-maker [[Philip Vaughan]] in 1794 and the first design of self-aligning spherical plain bearing which was invented by Scottish engineer [[James Nasmyth]] around 1840. The historical development of the bearing’s design is a result of revolutionary inventions and upgrades for improvement of their efficiency and endurance as well as broadening the scope of their application to a variety of machine industry sectors.

In 1917–1919 Arvid Palmgren, who started working as a research engineer in SKF, invented and patented the first design of the double-row self-aligning roller bearing (spherical [[roller bearing]]), the production of which continues to this day. He graduated in civil engineering at [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]] in [[Stockholm]] in 1916 and became a Doctor of Technology in 1930 with dissertation thesis on the capacity of ball bearings.