Editing São Carlos (section)

== Geography ==

São Carlos is located on the geographic center of the São Paulo state, approximately {{convert|231|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[São Paulo|city of São Paulo]]. The city is the center of a [[Microregion of São Carlos|microregion]] with 308,777 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Census of the IBGE – Synopsis – Table 761|url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/cd/cd2010sp.asp?o=3&i=P|publisher=IBGE.gov.br|access-date=22 July 2011|language=pt|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124824/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/cd/cd2010sp.asp?o=3&i=P|url-status=live}}</ref>

Its altitude is over 856&nbsp;m. Most of the year the city is windy and sunny, with hot temperatures during all the year.

The city has a total area of {{cvt|1.141|sqkm}}, which includes two districts to the north (''Santa Eudóxia'' and ''Água Vermelha''), one district to the west (''Bela Vista São-carlense''), and one district to the east (''Vila Nery'').

=== Geology ===
The municipality is included in the [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] province of the [[Basalt]]ic and [[sandstone]] slopes, between the provinces of the [[Western Plateau]] (to the north) and the Paulista Periférica Depression (to the south). In São Carlos, included in the [[Paraná Basin]], outcrops are found of the following geological formations: Bauru (Bauru Group), on the back of the slopes (Planalto de São Carlos), where the largest portion of the [[urban nucleus]], further north; Serra Geral (São Bento Group), in the narrow region of slopes where [[relief]] occurs (slopes); Botucatu (São Bento Group), which contains the lower part of the slopes, further south, besides including the Guarani Aquifer. The [[soil]] of the municipality consists mainly of, in descending order: red-yellow [[latosol]] (LV); purple [[latosol]] (LR); deep [[quartz]] sand (AQ); dark red [[latosol]] (LE); structured purple earth (ET); only [[Lithography|lithographic]] (Li); hydromorphic soil (Hi) and [[Podzol]]ic soil (PV).

=== Vegetation ===
The original vegetation of the municipality, and the respective remnants, correspond respectively to: forest [[cerrado]] (cerradão, 16% and 2%); [[savanna]] (cerrado s.s., campo cerrado, campo campo) and campo (humid clean field); 27% and 2%); [[Atlantic Forest]] in the interior ([[semi-deciduous]] and [[Riparian zone|riparian]] forests, 54% and 1%); [[Araucaria]] forest ([[Semi-deciduous|semideciduous]] forest with [[araucaria]], 1% and 0%) and capoeiras (degraded forests, 0% and 1%). Currently, much of the vegetation has been replaced by [[Silviculture|silvicultural]] plantations, [[Pasture]]s and [[forestry]]. It should be remembered that, in the meantime, the proportions indicated above, partly obtained from interpretations of satellite images, have some uncertainty due to the difficulty of differentiating artificial grasses from natural clean fields. In a general view the savanna of Brazil.

In 2020 and 2021 the city was recognized in the international Urban Forest program "Tree Cities of the World" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treecitiesoftheworld.org/|title=Tree Cities of the World|website=treecitiesoftheworld.org|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714213918/https://treecitiesoftheworld.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO/UN). According to the Ph.D. Urban Forester Daniel Caiche, this recognition promotes cities committed to planning and managing the Urban Forest.

{{wide image|S%C3%A3o_Carlos_-_Downtown_by_Night.jpg|700px|São Carlos Downtown seen from the Iguatemi Shopping Mall (2006 picture).}}

=== Hydrography ===
The municipality is inserted between two Hydrographic Units of Water Resources Management (UGRHI): No. 9, [[Mogi-Guaçu Biological Reserve|Mogi-Guaçu]], and No. 13, [[Tietê-Jacaré]]. The urban area is mainly located in the catchment area of the [[Monjolinho River|Monjolinho river]], included, serially, in the [[Jacaré-Guaçu River|Jacaré-Guaçu]], [[Tietê River|Tietê]], [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and La Plata river basins. The urban area is cut by the rivers [[Monjolinho River|Monjolinho]], [[Gregório River (Goiás)|Gregório]] and Santa Maria do Leme, and the streams Tijuco Preto, Simeão, Agua Quente and Água Fria, among others. The basin of the [[Mojiguaçu River|Mojiguaçu river]], which has the [[Quilombo River (Moji-Guaçu River)|Quilombo river]], Araras stream, Cabaceiras stream, Guabirobas stream, Jararaca stream, Água Branca stream, Brejo Grande stream or Água Vermelha stream, Matinha stream, Negro stream, Pântano stream, stream Waterfall.

The basin of the [[Jacaré-Guaçu River|Jacaré-Guaçu river]], which has the [[Monjolinho River|Monjolinho]] river, Feijão stream, Cã Cã stream, and Sour Orange stream. The basin of the [[Monjolinho River|Monjolinho river]], which counts with the stream Santa Maria Magdalena (or stream Santa Maria do Leme), stream of the Jockey Club, stream Espraiado, stream Federal, stream Belvedere, stream Bridge of Tábua, stream Alto Monjolinho, stream Mineirinho, creek Santa Fé, Paraíso stream, Tijuco Preto stream, Gregório stream, Botafogo stream, Medeiros stream, Água Quente stream and Água Fria stream.

The Gregório stream basin, which tarts in a rural area to the east of the city in approximately 900 meters of altitude (where the [[Monjolinho River|Monjolinho river]] and the [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Negro]] river are born, important water courses of this municipality). It has as tributaries by the right bank the First Water stream near [[Rodovia Washington Luís|SP-310]] before the Gregorio stream crosses the highway, Sorregotti stream near Educativa; Lazarini stream near Major Manuel Antonio de Matos Street, Biquinha stream in Visconde de Inhaúma Street (and on the left bank the Simeão stream in the (canalized) market region, and runs westward for approximately 7&nbsp;km, where it flows into the [[Monjolinho River|Monjolinho river]], near the shopping center.

=== Environment ===
Part of São Carlos is included in the [[Corumbataí Environmental Protection Area]] (APA). Other conservation units are nearby: Itirapina Ecological Station (EE), EE Mata do Jacaré, and EE Jataí. In rural areas, there are also fragments of important native vegetation in some private legal reserves (LR), such as [[Fazenda Canchim]], by [[Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation|Embrapa]]. The city presents a percentage of regularized properties for LRs, above the average calculated for the state.

As for the [[Permanent Preservation Areas]] (PPAs) of the rivers, many of those occurring in the urban area were irregularly occupied by marginal roads and buildings. However, little was done to compensate for the construction of these fringes, as well as to increase the minimum proportion of permeable area in adjacent plots. In addition, many rivers have been rectified or channeled, which are now considered inadequate. These factors, together, are determinant for the occurrence of floods in the city's lowlands.

The urban afforestation of the urban road network is diverse, but in quantitative terms, the number of trees is still very low, and many have conflicts with surrounding public facilities, such as aerial wiring and paving. As for pollution, the municipality has about two dozen areas contaminated, in particular, by waste from fuel stations, and dumps and landfills

=== Climate ===
According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]], the city has a tropical climate Aw with dry winter and hot months

According to data from the National Institute of Meteorology ([[National Institute of Metrology Standardization and Industrial Quality|INMET]]), since 1961 the lowest temperature recorded in São Carlos (conventional station of UFSCar) was 0,9&nbsp;°C on 17 July 2000, and the highest reached 38.7&nbsp;°C on 7 October 2020. The largest accumulated precipitation in 24 hours was 143.1&nbsp;mm on 13 February 1980. The lowest relative air humidity index was 10%, recorded on 13 September 2010, 6 September 2011 and 16 September 2017 of that month.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = São Carlos, elevation {{convert|860|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present)
| Jan record high C = 36.3
| Feb record high C = 36.6
| Mar record high C = 36.0
| Apr record high C = 35.0
| May record high C = 32.0
| Jun record high C = 30.0
| Jul record high C = 31.0
| Aug record high C = 35.0
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 38.7
| Nov record high C = 36.9
| Dec record high C = 36.0
|year record high C = 38.7
| Jan record low C = 9.0
| Feb record low C = 9.0
| Mar record low C = 7.0
| Apr record low C = 6.9
| May record low C = 4.5
| Jun record low C = 2.2
| Jul record low C = 0.9
| Aug record low C = 3.2
| Sep record low C = 4.8
| Oct record low C = 6.2
| Nov record low C = 7.0
| Dec record low C = 9.0
|year record low C = 0.9
|Jan high C = 	28.5
|Feb high C = 	28.9
|Mar high C = 	28.3
|Apr high C = 	27.5
|May high C = 	24.8
|Jun high C = 	24.4
|Jul high C = 	24.7
|Aug high C = 	26.8
|Sep high C = 	28.2
|Oct high C = 	28.9
|Nov high C = 	28.5
|Dec high C = 	28.6
| year high C = 	27.3
|Jan mean C = 22.9
|Feb mean C = 23.1
|Mar mean C = 22.4
|Apr mean C = 21.1
|May mean C = 18.1
|Jun mean C = 17.3
|Jul mean C = 17.2
|Aug mean C = 18.9
|Sep mean C = 20.8
|Oct mean C = 22.1
|Nov mean C = 22.3
|Dec mean C = 22.7
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 	19.0
|Feb low C = 	19.0
|Mar low C = 	18.4
|Apr low C = 	16.6
|May low C = 	13.6
|Jun low C = 	12.6
|Jul low C = 	12.3
|Aug low C = 	13.5
|Sep low C = 	15.4
|Oct low C = 	17.2
|Nov low C = 	17.6
|Dec low C = 	18.5
| year low C = 	16.1
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	297.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 	216.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 	174.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 	79.3
|May precipitation mm = 	59.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 	38.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 	30.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 	22.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	116.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 	158.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 	233.2
|year precipitation mm = 	1492.3
| Jan humidity = 80.2
| Feb humidity = 78.5
| Mar humidity = 78.0
| Apr humidity = 75.9
| May humidity = 76.9
| Jun humidity = 73.7
| Jul humidity = 68.6
| Aug humidity = 62.3
| Sep humidity = 64.9
| Oct humidity = 68.3
| Nov humidity = 71.8
| Dec humidity = 78.2
|year humidity =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 15
| Feb precipitation days = 13
| Mar precipitation days = 9
| Apr precipitation days = 4
| May precipitation days = 4
| Jun precipitation days = 1
| Jul precipitation days = 1
| Aug precipitation days = 1
| Sep precipitation days = 4
| Oct precipitation days = 6
| Nov precipitation days = 9
| Dec precipitation days = 14
|year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 243.7
| Feb sun = 228.4
| Mar sun = 286.2
| Apr sun = 242.2
| May sun = 219.1
| Jun sun = 208.9
| Jul sun = 232.3
| Aug sun = 242.0
| Sep sun = 211.4
| Oct sun = 215.9
| Nov sun = 221.2
| Dec sun = 240.3
|year sun = 2809.0
|source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (precipitation days, humidity and sun 1981–2010)<ref name=INMETtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmed>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| title = Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| title = Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMEThumidity>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| title = Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETinsolacion>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043829/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| title =Insolação Total (horas)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMET>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922133747/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2Fnormaisclimatologicas
| archive-date = 22 September 2019
| url = http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas
| title = Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1961–1990
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 23 September 2019
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br">{{cite web
| url= https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/
| title=  Banco de dados meteorológicos
| publisher = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (INMET)
| language = Portuguese
|accessdate = 16 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Estação: SÃO CARLOS (83726)">{{cite web
|url=https://tempo.inmet.gov.br/TabelaEstacoes/83726
|title=Estação: SÃO CARLOS (83726)
| publisher = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (INMET)
| language = Portuguese
| accessdate = 16 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Estação: SÃO CARLOS (A711)">{{cite web
|url=https://tempo.inmet.gov.br/TabelaEstacoes/A711
|title=Estação: Estação: SÃO CARLOS (A711)
| publisher = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (INMET)
| language = Portuguese
| accessdate = 16 February 2025}}</ref>
}}