Editing Ruthenia (section)

==Early Middle Ages==
[[File:Ruthenian Lion, which was used as a representative Coat of arms of Ruthenia during the Council of Constance from 1414 to 1418.jpg|thumb|[[Ruthenian lion]], which was used as a representative coat of arms of Ruthenia during the [[Council of Constance]] in the 15th century]]
In Kievan Rus', the name ''Rus''', or ''Rus'ka zemlia'' (land of Rus'), described the lands between [[Kyiv|Kiev]], [[Chernihiv]] and [[Pereiaslav|Pereyaslav]], corresponding to the tribe of [[Polans (eastern)|Polanians]], which started to identify themself as Rus' ({{langx|uk|Русь, Русини}}) approximately in 9th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polianians |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref>

[[File:Historic core of Rus'.png|thumb|''Rus' land''/''Ruthenia'' in the core sense.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Motsia |first=Oleksandr |date=2009 |title=|script-title=uk:«Руська» термінологія в Київському та Галицько-Волинському літописних зводах |trans-title="Ruthenian" question in Kyiv and Halych-Volyn annalistic codes |url=http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf |journal=Arkheolohiia |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1 |issn=0235-3490 |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101523/http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{legend|LightSalmon|1. After [[Petro Tolochko]]}}
{{legend|Yellow|2. After A.&nbsp;M. Nasonov}}
{{legend|LimeGreen|3. After [[Boris Rybakov]]}}]]

In a broader sense, this name also referred to all territories under control of [[Kievan princes]], and the initial area of Rus' land served as their [[metropole]], yet this wider meaning declined when Kiev lost its power over majority of principalities.<ref>Orest Subtelny. [https://diasporiana.org.ua/istoriya/11408-subtelny-o-ukraine-a-history/ "Ukraine. A History" (Fourth edition)]. Page 38.</ref> After the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol Invasion of Kievan Rus']] and a massive devastation of the core territory, the name ''Rus''' was succeeded by [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galician-Volhynian principality]], which declared itself as ''[[Kingdom of Rus']]''.

European manuscripts dating from the 11th century used the name ''Ruthenia'' to describe [[Rus (region)|Rus']],{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} the wider area occupied by the early Rus' (commonly referred to as ''Kievan Rus''{{'}}). This term was also used to refer to the Slavs of the island of [[Rügen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61lMAAAAIAAJ&q=ruthenia|title=The Life of Otto, Apostle of Pomerania, 1060-1139|date=28 July 1920|publisher=Society for promoting Christian knowledge|via=Google Books}}</ref> or to other Baltic Slavs, whom 12th-century chroniclers portrayed as fierce pirate pagans—even though [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|Kievan Rus' had converted to Christianity]] by the 10th century:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paul|first1=Andrew|title=The Roxolani from Rügen: Nikolaus Marshalk's chronicle as an example of medieval tradition to associate the Rügen's Slavs with the Slavic Rus|journal=The Historical Format|date=2015|volume=1|pages=5–30|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/roksolany-s-ostrova-ryugen-hronika-nikolaya-marshalka-kak-primer-srednevekovoy-traditsii-otozhdestvleniya-ryugenskih-slavyan-i-russkih}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=May 2021}} [[Eupraxia of Kiev|Eupraxia]], the daughter of ''Rutenorum rex'' [[Vsevolod I of Kiev]], had married the Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] in 1089.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annales Augustani |year=1839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDJhAAAAcAAJ&q=rutenorum+regis+filiam|page=133}}</ref> After the devastating [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Mongol invasion of Europe|occupation of the main part of Ruthenia]] which began in the 13th century, western Ruthenian principalities became incorporated into the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], after which the state became called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_4rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+and+russia%22|title=An Historical Geography of Russia|first=William Henry|last=Parker|date=28 July 1969|publisher=Aldine Publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5L1oAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+and+russia%22|title=Russia, the Giant that Came Last|first=Joshua|last=Kunitz|date=28 July 1947|publisher=Dodd, Mead|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Polish Kingdom]] also took the title King of Ruthenia<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141204182032/http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/20085/kw_03.html Document Nr 1340 (CODEX DIPLOMATICUS MAIORIS POLONIA)]. POZNANIAE. SUMPTIBUS BIBLIOTHECAE KORNICENSIS. TYPIS J. I. KRASZEWSKI (Dr. W. ŁEBIŃSKI). 1879.</ref> when it annexed Galicia. These titles were merged when the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] was formed. A small part of Rus' ([[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]], now mainly a part of [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] in present-day Ukraine), became subordinated to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the 11th century.{{sfn|Magocsi|1996|p=385}} The Kings of Hungary continued using the title "King of Galicia and Lodomeria" until 1918.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francis Dvornik |title=The Slavs in European History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813507996 |page=214}}</ref>