Editing Royal National Park (section)

==Geography, flora and fauna==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2014}}
Royal National Park contains a wide variety of terrain. Roughly, landscapes in the park vary from coastal cliffs broken by beaches and small inlets to an ancient high plateau broken by extensive and deep river valleys. The river valleys drain from south to north where they run into [[Port Hacking]], the extensive but generally shallow harbor inlet which forms the northern border of the park. When looking across the park from east to west (or vice versa) the rugged folds of valley after valley fade into the distance.

The geology of the site consists mostly of the Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone with some sections of the park having the more recent richer Wianamatta shale capping. Deep below the Hawkesbury sandstone belt lies Narrabeen Shales which is mixture of shale and sandstone under which and within which are untapped coal seams which run right through Sydney and are mined extensively where they come closer to the surface south of the National Park near Wollongong. Sections of recent alluvium fringes of estuarine watercourse where the endangered ecological communities; swamp oak woodlands and [[Lophostemon suaveolens|swamp mahogany]] woodlands grow still.

===Coastal heathland===
[[File:Wedding Cake Rock and the White Cliffs, December 2014.jpg|thumb|The majority of the park's coastline is dominated by tall cliffs, forming unique features such as [[Wedding Cake Rock]] (pictured), facading vast [[heath]]land.]]
Running the full coastal length of the park is a coastal [[Heath (habitat)|heathland]] characterised by hardy, low-growing, salt-tolerant shrubs that spread across rocky, hard terrain with very little topsoil. The coast itself is composed mostly of high cliffs reaching a height of nearly one hundred metres at the southern end. These cliffs are punctuated by a number of fine, sandy beaches open to the ocean and providing fine swimming and surfing. Several of the beaches can be reached by road, others only by several hours of [[Hiking|bush walking]]. There are a small number of rocky coves. The beaches, two of which have volunteer surf life-saving clubs and large car parks, are amongst the most visited areas of the park. These heath lands are a hotspot for many small birds that have forsaken the suburbs of Sydney such as the [[New Holland honeyeater]].

Common vegetation on the exposed heaths on the headlands and cliffside paths include [[Westringia fruticosa|Coastal rosemary]],  [[Darwinia fascicularis|darwinia]],  [[Melaleuca armillaris|bracelet honey-myrtle]],  [[Allocasuarina distyla|she-oak]],  [[Kunzea ambigua|white kunzea]],  [[Drosera spathulata|sundew]],  [[Xanthorrhoea|grass trees]],  [[Baeckea imbricata|ridged heath-myrtle]],  [[Pterostylis|snakehood orchids]], prostrate forms of  [[Banksia integrifolia|coast banksia]] and  [[Lomandra longifolia|long-leaf matrush]].

Common vegetation on top of the ancient sand dunes above the coastal path includes Silver banksia (''[[Banksia marginata]]''), scrub-oak (''[[Allocasuarina distyla]]''), silky hakea (''[[Hakea sericea]]''), and pine heath (''[[Astroloma pinifolium]]'').

Sections of rare and threatened clifftop grasslands occur along exposed and windy sites which are generally dominated by long-leaf mat-rush and kangaroo grass (''[[Themeda australis]]'').

Many heath specialist birds are present in the heaths which include [[Lewin's honeyeater]] (''Meliphaga lewinii''), New Holland honeyeater (''Phylidonyris novaehollandiae''), [[beautiful firetail]] (''Stagonopleura bella''), [[chestnut-rumped heathwren]] (''Hylacola pyrrhopygia'') and the [[southern emu-wren]].

===Littoral rainforest===
In Royal National Park, [[littoral]] [[rainforest]] (often the first type of vegetation destroyed during coastal development) has survived the ravages that occurred elsewhere during the 19th and 20th centuries. An example of this vegetation occurs in the southern stretch of the Coast Walk, often referred to as the "Palm Jungle", and includes a typical tuckeroo (''[[Cupaniopsis anacardioides]]'') forest, under grown by coastal tea tree (''Leptospermum laevigatum'') and long-Leaf matrush (''[[Lomandra longifolia]]'').

===Exposed uplands===
Moving farther inland the terrain rises to a series of very rocky ridges and plateaus characterized by hardy, low-growing shrubs and very poor, rocky soil. These ridges are the remnants of an ancient, much larger plateau that has been deeply eroded into an extensive series of river valleys. This specific ridge land habitat is particularly significant for Sydney as most similar habitat was left unprotected and was subsequently destroyed to make way for cheap development which has made many species only found ridges threatened with extinction due to extreme habitat clearance/fragmentation. Soils on plateau land are often up to 2m deep and consist of on sandstone ridges: sandy podsol interspersed with pockets of clay derived. Clay Ridges and Plateaus also have deep Soils but are far rarer due to lack of representation in the park on these sites the soil is derived from Wianamatta clay and is considered rich land producing good quality forest.

===Valley sides===
[[File:Eucalyptus luehmanniana.jpg|thumb|Many species of [[Eucalyptus]], such as the ''[[Eucalyptus luehmanniana]]'', thrive in the Royal National Park.]]
On the sides of the steep river valleys that punctuate the uplands the terrain changes to exposed rock with collected pockets of soil. Although still fairly rocky, a large number of [[eucalyptus]] and other tree species are prevalent. Small streams are to be found reasonably frequently and understory plants cohabitate with the larger trees, although the terrain is still fairly open and easy to move through. Tree heights in this area reach an average maximum of about ten metres. The plant mix and geography conditions in this area are typical of much of the terrain in the coastal areas of [[New South Wales]] but with many widespread [[wiktionary:genus|genera]] having highly localized species in the Royal National Park. This sort of habitat is one of the most floristically diverse in Sydney Basin.

This environment is classed as sclerophyll open forest and is divided into "dry" and "wet" sclerophyll forest. Factors that shape this habitat are primarily bushfires, low phosphorus/nitrogen levels, intense summer heat and low water levels. Resulting in a diverse floristic assembly of flora and fauna with apparently divergent paths in similar habitats, for example scribbly gums (''Eucalyptus racemosa/sclerophylla/haemastoma'') have smooth barked trees in a manner which reduces their chance of catching on fire while stringy barks (''Eucalyptus sp.'') have bark which easily catches alight clearing the way for its fire-stimulated seedlings.

[[File:The Forrest Island - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|The "Forest Island", a section of forest in the park's south mostly flanked by the [[Hacking River]]. In raised valley floors such as these, many more species of flora thrive than in other environments of the park.]]
Commonly encountered vegetation in this environments include but are not limited to; Sydney redgums (''Angophora costata''), Sydney peppermints (''Eucalyptus piperita''), Port Jackson pine (''Callitris rhomboidea''), red bloodwoods (''Corymbia gummifera''), ''Pomaderris sp.'', old man banksia (''[[Banksia serrata]]''), hairpin banksia (''[[Banksia spinulosa]]''), rock banksia (''Banksia oblongifolia''), Sydney boronia (''Boronia ledifolia''), native sarsaparilla (''Smilax glyciphylla''), violet twining pea (''Hardenbergia violacea''), dusky coral pea (''Kennedia rubicunda''), the traditional narcotic hop bush (''Dodonaea triquetra''), native pea (''Dillwynia sieberi''), sometimes dwarf apple (''Angophora hispida''), parasitic devils twine (''Cassytha sp''.), native panic (''Entolasia stricta''), ''Lepidosperma sp.'' grass, forest grass trees (''Xanthorrhoea arborea''), Sydney waratah (''Telopea speciosissima''), flannel flowers (''Actinotus minor'' as well as ''Actinotus helianthi''), blueberry ash (''Elaeocarpus reticulatus''), silky hakea (''Hakea sericea''), variable bossiaea (''Bossiaea heterophylla''), bonnet orchids (''Cryptostylis erecta''), hyacinth orchids (''Dipodium variegatum/punctatum/roseum''), ''Pomax umbellata'', native parsley (''Lomatia silaifolia''), edible native currants (''Leptomeria acida''), broad leaved geebungs (''Persoonia levis''), Sydney golden wattles (''Acacia longifolia''), gymea lilies (''Doryanthes excelsa''), various sheo-oaks (''Allocasuarina littoralis/distyla/verticillata'' etc.), flax leafed wattle (''[[Acacia linifolia]]''), bracken (''Pteridium esculentum''), grey spider flower (''Grevillea buxifolia/sphacelata''), red spider flower (''Grevillea oleoides''), pink spider flower (''Grevillea sericea'') and native iris (''Patersonia sericea/glabrata/longifolia'') to literally name a few of the hundreds of beautiful flora encountered in this diverse and widespread habitat. Even certain hybrid species may be encountered such as the common ''Banksia ericifolia x spinulosus'' or the rarer ''Angophora costata x hispida''.

Birds that frequent this habitat include [[Golden whistler]]s (''Pachycephala pectoralis''), [[yellow-tailed black cockatoo]]s (''Calyptorhynchus funereus''), [[laughing kookaburra]] (''Dacelo novaeguineae''), [[eastern whipbird]]s (''Psophodes olivaceus''), [[New Holland honeyeater]]s (''Phylidonyris novaehollandiae''), [[eastern spinebill]] (''Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris''), [[rufous whistler]]s (''Pachycephala rufiventris''), [[willie wagtail]]s (''Rhipidura leucophrys''), [[superb fairywren]]s (''Malurus cyaneus''), [[crimson rosella]]s/mountain lowry (''Platycercus elegans''), [[yellow-rumped thornbill]]s (''Acanthiza chrysorrhoa)'' and [[white-browed scrubwren]]s (''Sericornis frontalis'').

Other commonly encountered animals in this habitat include native honeybees, wallaroos (''Macropus robustus''), common echidnas (''Tachyglossus aculeatus'') as well as other far rarer species such as the koala (''Phascolarctos cinereus''), the dingo (''Canis lupus dingo'') or the predatory native marsupial the spotted quoll (''Dasyurus maculatus spp. maculatus'').

===Valley floors===
[[File:Waterfall Creek - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|left|Couranga Track view of Waterfall Creek, one of many that run throughout the park]]

With rich soils and good supply of water the valley floors are cooler and more humid than any other part of the park. Large tree species such as [[Toona australis|Australian cedar]] (''Toona cilliata'' prev. ''T. australis'') and the larger [[Eucalyptus|eucalypt]] species dominate. Tree height reach 50 metres or more and a rich understory of [[fern]], [[Acacia|wattles]], and other medium-size plants proliferate. Some small areas are classified as [[Temperate rain forest|temperate rainforest]]. These areas are characterized by dense groves of very large trees including the iconic [[Ficus rubiginosa|Port Jackson fig]] (''Ficus rubiginosa'') and [[Ficus macrophylla|Moreton Bay fig]] (''Ficus macrophylla'') trees. The absence of light leads to a lack of undergrowth other than a profusion of ferns. These are among the more popular areas for visitors to the park. The park service is also very careful to protect these areas due to their general rarity in the hot, arid Australian landscape.

[[File:RNPStream.JPG|thumb|A tributary of the [[Hacking River]], beside [[Lady Carrington Drive]]]]

Impressive groves of turpentine (''Syncarpia glomulifera'') and blackbutt (''Eucalyptus pilularis'') trees may be seen growing straight up into the sky forming an open canopy with widely spaced trunks. In these characteristic areas they are generally considered open forest, they may have a grassy understory, a sclerophyll shrubbery or alternatively they may have a rainforest subcanopy or a rainforest understory with growth being densest nearest to the valley floor or permanent watercourses. In these turpentine forests often hundreds of cabbage palms (''[[Livistona australis]]'') may be seen growing in dense tall thickets which are rarely touched by fire or they may exist as young plants in open grassy spaces which are burnt regularly enough not to form visible trunks. Rainforest pockets are dominated by [[jackwood]] and [[Doryphora sassafras|sassafras]]. The lilli pilli (''[[Acmena smithii]]'') produces a fruit edible raw. Another common species is the coachwood (''[[Ceratopetalum apetalum]]'') which were used extensively from Australian rainforests to manufacture horse-drawn coaches.

Birds distinctive to these rich rainforest habitats include Topknot pigeons (''[[Lopholaimus antarcticus]]''), green catbirds (''[[Ailuroedus crassirostris]]''), rufous fantails (''[[Rhipidura rufifrons]]'') and black-faced monarchs (''[[Monarcha melanopsis]]''). Two interesting birds often encountered in dense scrub or rainforest include the flightless brush turkey (''[[Alectura lathami]]'') and the noise mimicking superb lyrebird (''[[Menura novaehollandiae]]'').

[[Platypus]] once found habitat in the Hacking River.  In May 2023, the [[Species reintroduction|species was returned]] to the national park under a relocation program jointly conducted by the [[University of New South Wales]], NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and the [[World Wildlife Fund]].<ref name="prt">{{cite news |last=Roe |first=Isobel |date=14 May 2023 |title=Platypuses return to Sydney's Royal National Park after disappearing for decades |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-14/platypus-reintroduced-to-royal-national-park-sydney/102344804 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> The platypus have been fitted with [[Wildlife radio telemetry|transmitters]], so monitoring in their new environment can continue.<ref name="prt"/>

===Riparian forest===
In a zone generally up to 10-25m away from running water grows a distinct vegetation community often containing many rare or threatened species only found along several streams in the world. Common vegetation growing in this zone include Blackbutt (''[[Eucalyptus pilularis]]''), Sydney red gum (''[[Angophora costata]]''), water gums (''[[Tristaniopsis laurina]]''), bottlebrush (''[[Melaleuca]] sp.''), tea trees (''[[Leptospermum]] sp.''), woolsia (''[[Woollsia pungens]]''), ''[[Epacris]]  sp.'', heath banksia (''[[Banksia ericifolia]]''), ''[[Pittosporum undulatum]]'', pine leafed geebungs (''[[Persoonia pinifolia]]''), willow leaved hakea (''[[Hakea salicifolia]]''), ''[[Lomandra fluviatilis]]'', [[bulrushes]] (''[[Typha orientalis]]'' / ''[[Typha domingensis|dominigensis]]''), rushes (''[[Juncus]] sp.''), reeds (''[[Phragmites australis]]'') and tree ferns (''[[Cyathea]] and [[Dicksonia]] sp.''.)

A variety of different molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and birds call the riparian zone their home with a variety of life living near on in the creeks of the Royal National Park. Long-finned eels (''[[Anguilla reinhardtii]]'') which migrate from oceanic spawning grounds as babies and adults mature in the creeks and streams of the Royal National Park and can often be seen in the murky depths of pools and ponds along freshwater courses such as the [[Hacking River]].

===Mangroves and salt marsh===
Mudflats exist along the shoreline of the Royal National Park which is substantial enough to sustain a simplistic system of mangrove woodlands especially along the Port Hacking Estuary with the occasional clump of stunted tree on the seaward coastline in sheltered coves. Vegetation in the mangroves consists almost exclusively of the grey mangrove (''[[Avicennia marina]] var. australasica'') growing up to 4m as well as the river mangrove (''[[Aegiceras corniculatum]]'') which is usually only found on the shoreward edge of mangrove woods or in the brackish end of the Port Hacking Estuary.

These mangroves are important nursery grounds for nearly all major angling fish including yellowfin bream (''[[Acanthopagrus australis]]''), flat-tail sea-mullet (''[[Liza argentea]]''), luderick (''[[Girella tricuspidata]]'') and sand whiting (''[[Sillago ciliata]]'') which are caught in adjoining waters as adults, mangroves also provide rich organic matter to the Port Hacking Estuary by fixing carbon into the river system through the addition of leaves into the thick rich black mud. Many crustacean and mollusc species rely on mangroves as a source of food whether by providing foraging through leaf litter, mud or direct predation of the mangrove trees and seeds. Soldier crabs (''[[Mictyris longicarpus]]''), semaphore crab (''[[Heloecius cordiformis]]''), blue swimmer crabs (''[[Portunus pelagicus]]'') and hermit crabs (''[[Pagurus sinuatus]]'') also call the mangroves home. A more casual visitor to the mangroves at high tide is the eastern sea garfish (''[[Hyporhamphus australis]]'') which scoots around just an inch from the surface and is virtually invisible unless viewed through a snorkel.

Dozens of different bird species may be seen foraging in the rich mudflats in and around mangrove flats many of these birds being threatened with extinction and protected by international agreements. Commonly seen bird species include Eastern curlews (''[[Numenius madagascariensis]]''), striated herons (''[[Butorides striatus]]''), brown honeyeaters (''[[Lichmera indistincta]]''), little egrets (''[[Egretta garzetta]]''), royal spoonbills (''[[Platalea regia]]''), white-faced grey herons (''[[Egretta novaehollandiae]]''), Australasian little bitterns (''[[Ixobrychus dubius]]''), pied oystercatchers (''[[Haematopus longirostris]]''), Australasian pelican (''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus]]''), sacred ibis (''[[Threskiornis moluccus]]''), chestnut teal (''[[Anas castanea]]'') and azure kingfishers (''[[Alcedo azurea]]'').

===Tidal rockshelves and rock pools===
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A series of sandstone rockshelves and rock pools fringe the entire coastline and [[Port Hacking]] Estuary Line of the National Park broken on by small sandy beaches and gentle freshwater inlets. Some of the most commonly encountered [[molluscs]] in this habitat include black nerites (''[[Nerita atramentosa]]''), turban snails (''[[Turbo undulata]]''), zebra snails (''[[Austrocochlea porcata]]'') as well as the commercially farmed Sydney rock oyster (''[[Saccostrea glomerata]]''). One of the most common and distinctive [[seaweed]] species that grow among the rock pools and the nearshore rockshelves is Neptunes necklace (''[[Hormosira banksii]]'') a seaweed made of small buoyant fleshy bead-like structures which resemble strongly that of a necklace. Beds of the primitive sea-squirt cunjevoi (''[[Pyura stolonifera]]'') are common along coastal rockshelves which are covered by high tide and near sea spray. Considered the most beautiful and obvious of the Royal National Parks' sea anemone is the waratah anemone (''[[Actinia tenebrosa]]'') named after the waratah flower due to its corresponding flame red coloration. A common sea-star found growing in the rock pools is the biscuit sea star (''[[Tosia australis]]'').

The fatally toxic blue-lined octopus (''[[Hapalochlaena fasciata]]''), the most common of the [[blue-ringed octopus]] species in the area, can, when touched, prove to be fatal within minutes. They are nearly impossible to spot unless pointed out, and can be found in small or large rock pools. The best way to avoid stings completely is to not allow any part of one's body to enter any rock pool.
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