Editing Roundup (herbicide) (section)

==Acute toxicity==
The [[lethal dose]] of different glyphosate-based formulations varies, especially with respect to the surfactants used. Formulations intended for terrestrial use that include the surfactant POEA can be more toxic than other formulations for aquatic species.<ref name=vbruggen>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309 |pmid= 29117584 |issn= 0048-9697 |volume= 616-617 |pages=255–268 |last1=Van Bruggen |first1= A.H.C. |last2= He |first2= M.M. |last3= Shin |first3= K. |last4= Mai |first4= V. |last5= Jeong |first5= K.C. |last6= Finckh |first6= M. R. |last7= Morris |first7= J.G. |title= Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate |journal= Science of the Total Environment |date= 2018-03-01 |bibcode= 2018ScTEn.616..255V }}</ref><ref name=SERA1997>{{Citation |title= Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to Rodeo |publisher= Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. (SERA) |access-date= 2018-08-20 |url= https://www.fs.fed.us/r5/hfqlg/publications/herbicide_info/2003_glyphosate.pdf}}</ref> Due to the variety in available formulations, including five different glyphosate salts and different combinations of inert ingredients, it is difficult to determine how much surfactants contribute to the overall toxicity of each formulation.<ref name=SERA2003>{{Citation| title = Glyphosate: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment |  publisher= Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.(SERA) |access-date = 2018-08-20| url = https://www.fs.fed.us/r5/hfqlg/publications/herbicide_info/2003_glyphosate.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Bradberry_2004"/> Independent scientific reviews and regulatory agencies have repeatedly concluded that glyphosate-based herbicides do not lead to a significant risk for human or environmental health when the product label is properly followed.<ref name="Rolando"/>

===Human===
The acute oral toxicity for mammals is low,<ref name=vbruggen/> but death has been reported after deliberate overdose of [[Dose–response relationship|concentrated]] Roundup.<ref name="pmid22835958">{{cite journal |vauthors= Sribanditmongkol P, Jutavijittum P, Pongraveevongsa P, Wunnapuk K, Durongkadech P |title= Pathological and toxicological findings in glyphosate-surfactant herbicide fatality: a case report |journal= The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology |volume= 33 |issue=3 |pages= 234–7 |date= Sep 2012 |doi= 10.1097/PAF.0b013e31824b936c |pmid= 22835958 |s2cid= 3457850 }}</ref> The surfactants in glyphosate formulations can increase the relative acute toxicity of the formulation.<ref name="Bradberry_2004">{{cite journal |vauthors= Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA |title= Glyphosate poisoning |journal = Toxicological Reviews |volume= 23 |issue=3 |pages= 159–67 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15862083 |doi= 10.2165/00139709-200423030-00003 |s2cid= 5636017 }}</ref> Surfactants generally do not, however, cause [[Drug interaction#Synergy and antagonism|synergistic effects]] (as opposed to additive effects) that increase the acute toxicity of glyphosate within a formulation.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/> The surfactant POEA is not considered an acute toxicity hazard, and has an oral toxicity similar to [[vitamin A]] and less toxic than [[aspirin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Williams |first1=Gary M. |last2=Kroes |first2= Robert |last3=Munro |first3=Ian C. |title= Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans |journal=[[Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology]] |date=April 2000 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=117–165 |doi= 10.1006/rtph.1999.1371 |pmid=10854122 |s2cid=19831028 }}</ref> Deliberate ingestion of Roundup ranging from 85 to 200 ml (of 41% solution) has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms.<ref name="pmid1673618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Talbot AR, Shiaw MH, Huang JS, Yang SF, Goo TS, Wang SH, Chen CL, Sanford TR |title=Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): a review of 93 cases |journal=Human & Experimental Toxicology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=Jan 1991 |pmid=1673618 |doi= 10.1177/096032719101000101|s2cid=8028945 }}</ref> Consumption of over 85 ml of concentrated product is likely to cause serious symptoms in adults, including burns due to corrosive effects as well as kidney and liver damage. More severe cases lead to "respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, [[pulmonary edema]], infiltration on chest X-ray, shock, arrhythmias, [[kidney failure]] requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalaemia" and death is often preceded by [[bradycardia]] and [[ventricular arrhythmia]]s.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/>

Skin exposure can cause irritation, and [[Contact dermatitis#Photocontact dermatitis|photocontact dermatitis]] has been occasionally reported. Severe skin burns are very rare.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/> In a 2017 risk assessment, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) wrote: "There is very limited information on skin irritation in humans. Where skin irritation has been reported, it is unclear whether it is related to glyphosate or co-formulants in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations." The ECHA concluded that available human data was insufficient to support classification for skin corrosion or irritation.<ref>[https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/2f8b5c7f-030f-5d3a-e87e-0262fb392f38 Committee of Risk Assessment Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of glyphosate (ISO); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]</ref>

Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or tingling and irritation in the throat. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/>

===Aquatic===
Glyphosate formulations with POEA, such as Roundup, are not approved for aquatic use due to aquatic organism toxicity.<ref name="Langeland">{{cite web |title=SS-AGR-104 Safe Use of Glyphosate-Containing Products in Aquatic and Upland Natural Areas |url= https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AG/AG24800.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203235802/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AG/AG24800.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-03 |url-status=live |publisher= University of Florida |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Due to the presence of POEA, glyphosate formulations only allowed for terrestrial use are more toxic for amphibians and fish than glyphosate alone.<ref name="Langeland"/><ref name="fs.fed.us"/><ref name=Mann>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mann RM, Hyne RV, Choung CB, Wilson SP |title= Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment|journal=Environmental Pollution |year=2009 |volume=157 |issue=11 |pages= 2903–2927 |doi= 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.015|pmid= 19500891|url= http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/35613}}</ref> Terrestrial glyphosate formulations that include the surfactants POEA and MON 0818 (75% POEA) may have negative impacts on various aquatic organisms like [[protozoa]], [[mussels]], [[crustaceans]], [[frogs]] and [[fish]].<ref name=vbruggen/> Aquatic organism exposure risk to terrestrial formulations with POEA is limited to drift or temporary water pockets.<ref name="Langeland"/> While laboratory studies can show effects of glyphosate formulations on aquatic organisms, similar observations rarely occur in the field when instructions on the herbicide label are followed.<ref name="Rolando">{{cite journal |last1=Rolando |first1=Carol |last2=Baillie |first2=Brenda |last3=Thompson |first3=Dean |last4=Little |first4=Keith |title=The Risks Associated with Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Use in Planted Forests |journal=Forests |date=12 June 2017 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=208 |doi= 10.3390/f8060208 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Studies in a variety of amphibians have shown the toxicity of products containing POEA to amphibian larvae. These effects include interference with gill morphology and mortality from either the loss of osmotic stability or asphyxiation. At sub-lethal concentrations, exposure to POEA or glyphosate/POEA formulations have been associated with delayed development, accelerated development, reduced size at [[metamorphosis]], developmental malformations of the tail, mouth, eye and head, histological indications of intersex and symptoms of oxidative stress.<ref name="Mann" /> Glyphosate-based formulations can cause [[oxidative stress]] in bullfrog tadpoles.<ref name=iarcmono>{{cite journal | url= https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono112-10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712091323/https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono112-10.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-12 |url-status=live |title= Glyphosate |  journal = IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans | volume = 112 | date = 11 August 2016 | publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] | access-date= July 31, 2019}}</ref> The use of glyphosate-based pesticides are not considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |vauthors= Wagner N, Reichenbecher W, Teichmann H, Tappeser B, Lötters S |title= Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians |journal= Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |volume= 32 |issue=8 |pages= 1688–700 |date= Aug 2013 |pmid= 23637092 |doi= 10.1002/etc.2268 |s2cid= 36417341 }}</ref>

A 2000 review of the toxicological data on Roundup concluded that "for terrestrial uses of Roundup minimal acute and chronic risk was predicted for potentially exposed nontarget organisms". It also concluded that there were some risks to aquatic organisms exposed to Roundup in shallow water.<ref name="Giesy2000">JP Giesy, KR Solomon, S Dobson (2000). "Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup Herbicide". Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35-120</ref>

===Bees===
Roundup Ready‐To‐Use, Roundup No Glyphosate, and Roundup ProActive have all been found to cause significant mortality in [[bumblebee]]s when sprayed directly on them. It has been hypothesized that this is due to surfactants in the formulations blocking the tracheal system of the bees.<ref name="Straw2021">{{cite journal |last1=Straw |first1=Edward A. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Edward N. |last3=Brown |first3=Mark J. F. |title=Roundup causes high levels of mortality following contact exposure in bumble bees |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=6 April 2021 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1176 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13867|doi-access=free }}</ref>