Editing Rotavirus (section)

=== Types of rotavirus ===
There are 11 species of rotavirus (sometimes informally called ''groups'') referred to as RVA, RVB, RVC, RVD, RVF, RVG, RVH, RVI, RVJ, RVK and RVL.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="pmid31447474">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suzuki H |title=Rotavirus Replication: Gaps of Knowledge on Virus Entry and Morphogenesis |journal=The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=248 |issue=4 |pages=285–296 |date=August 2019 |pmid=31447474 |doi=10.1620/tjem.248.285 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Humans are primarily infected by rotaviruses in the species RVA. This one and the other species cause disease in other animals,<ref name="pmid20684716">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kirkwood CD | title = Genetic and antigenic diversity of human rotaviruses: potential impact on vaccination programs | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 202 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S43–48 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20684716 | doi = 10.1086/653548 | doi-access = free }}</ref> for example, species RVH in pigs, RVD, RVF and RVG in birds, RVI in cats and RVJ in bats.<ref name="pmid21801631">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wakuda M, Ide T, Sasaki J, Komoto S, Ishii J, Sanekata T, Taniguchi K | title = Porcine rotavirus closely related to novel group of human rotaviruses | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1491–1493 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21801631 | pmc = 3381553 | doi = 10.3201/eid1708.101466 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24960190">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marthaler D, Rossow K, Culhane M, Goyal S, Collins J, Matthijnssens J, Nelson M, Ciarlet M | title = Widespread rotavirus H in commercially raised pigs, United States | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 1195–1198 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24960190 | pmc = 4073875 | doi = 10.3201/eid2007.140034 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Phan TG, Leutenegger CM, Chan R, Delwart E | title = Rotavirus I in feces of a cat with diarrhea | journal = Virus Genes | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 487–490 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28255929 | doi = 10.1007/s11262-017-1440-4 | pmc = 7089198 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27932285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bányai K, Kemenesi G, Budinski I, Földes F, Zana B, Marton S, Varga-Kugler R, Oldal M, Kurucz K, Jakab F |title=Candidate new rotavirus species in Schreiber's bats, Serbia |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=48 |pages=19–26 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27932285 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.002 |pmc=7106153 |bibcode=2017InfGE..48...19B }}</ref>

Within group A  rotaviruses there are different strains, called [[serovar|serotypes]].<ref name="pmid19252426">{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Ryan M | title = The ever-changing landscape of rotavirus serotypes | journal = The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 3 Suppl | pages = S60–62 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19252426 | doi = 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181967c29 | s2cid = 22421988 | doi-access = free }}</ref> As with [[influenza]] virus, a dual classification system is used based on two proteins on the surface of the virus. The [[glycoprotein]] VP7 defines the G serotypes and the [[protease]]-sensitive protein VP4 defines P serotypes.<ref name="pmid22284787">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patton JT | title = Rotavirus diversity and evolution in the post-vaccine world | journal = Discovery Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 68 | pages = 85–97 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22284787 | pmc = 3738915 | url = http://www.discoverymedicine.com/John-T-Patton/2012/01/26/rotavirus-diversity-and-evolution-in-the-post-vaccine-world/ }}</ref> Because the two genes that determine G-types and P-types can be passed on separately to progeny viruses, different combinations are found.<ref name="pmid22284787" /> A whole genome genotyping system has been established for group A rotaviruses, which has been used to determine the origin of atypical strains.<ref name="pmid28748110">{{cite journal | vauthors = Phan MV, Anh PH, Cuong NV, Munnink BB, van der Hoek L, My PT, Tri TN, Bryant JE, Baker S, Thwaites G, Woolhouse M, Kellam P, Rabaa MA, Cotten M | title = Unbiased whole-genome deep sequencing of human and porcine stool samples reveals circulation of multiple groups of rotaviruses and a putative zoonotic infection | journal = Virus Evolution | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = vew027 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 28748110 | pmc = 5522372 | doi = 10.1093/ve/vew027 }}</ref> The prevalence of the individual G-types and P-types varies between, and within, countries and years.<ref name="pmid2556435">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beards GM, Desselberger U, Flewett TH | title = Temporal and geographical distributions of human rotavirus serotypes, 1983 to 1988 | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = 2827–2833 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2556435 | pmc = 267135 | doi =  10.1128/JCM.27.12.2827-2833.1989}}</ref> There are at least 36 G types and 51 P types<ref name="pmid33482744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rakau KG, Nyaga MM, Gededzha MP, Mwenda JM, Mphahlele MJ, Seheri LM, Steele AD |title=Genetic characterization of G12P[6] and G12P[8] rotavirus strains collected in six African countries between 2010 and 2014 |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=107 |date=January 2021 |pmid=33482744 |pmc=7821174 |doi=10.1186/s12879-020-05745-6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> but in infections of humans only a few combinations of G and P types predominate. They are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8].<ref name="pmid38015834">{{cite journal |vauthors=Antoni S, Nakamura T, Cohen AL, Mwenda JM, Weldegebriel G, Biey JN, Shaba K, Rey-Benito G, de Oliveira LH, Oliveira MT, Ortiz C, Ghoniem A, Fahmy K, Ashmony HA, Videbaek D, Daniels D, Pastore R, Singh S, Tondo E, Liyanage JB, Sharifuzzaman M, Grabovac V, Batmunkh N, Logronio J, Armah G, Dennis FE, Seheri M, Magagula N, Mphahlele J, Leite JP, Araujo IT, Fumian TM, El Mohammady H, Semeiko G, Samoilovich E, Giri S, Kang G, Thomas S, Bines J, Kirkwood CD, Liu N, Lee DY, Iturriza-Gomara M, Page NA, Esona MD, Ward ML, Wright CN, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Gentsch J, Bowen MD, Serhan F |title=Rotavirus genotypes in children under five years hospitalized with diarrhea in low and middle-income countries: Results from the WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e0001358 |date=2023 |pmid=38015834 |pmc=10683987 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0001358 |doi-access=free }}</ref>