Editing Ronald Fisher (section)

==Career==
During 1913–1919, Fisher worked as a statistician in the City of London and taught [[physics]] and maths at a sequence of [[public school (UK)|public schools]], at the [[Thames Nautical Training College]], and at [[Bradfield College]]. There he settled with his new bride, Eileen Guinness, with whom he had two sons and six daughters.<ref name=box>Box, ''R. A. Fisher'', pp. 35–50</ref>

In 1918 he published "[[The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]]", in which he introduced the term [[variance]] and proposed its formal analysis.<ref>{{ cite journal | title=The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance | first1=Ronald A. | last1=Fisher | journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh | year=1918 | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=399–433 | doi=10.1017/s0080456800012163| s2cid=181213898 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428666 }}</ref> He put forward a [[Additive model|genetics conceptual model]] showing that [[quantitative trait locus|continuous variation]] amongst [[phenotypic trait]]s measured by biostatisticians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes and thus be the result of [[Mendelian inheritance]]. This was the first step towards establishing [[population genetics]] and [[quantitative genetics]], which demonstrated that [[natural selection]] could change [[Allele frequency|allele frequencies]] in a population, reconciling its discontinuous nature with gradual [[evolution]].<ref>Box, ''R. A. Fisher'', pp. 50–61</ref> Joan Box, Fisher's biographer and daughter, says that Fisher had resolved this problem already in 1911.<ref>[https://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Fisher_Life.html R A Fisher: the life of a scientist Preface] www-history.mcs.st-and.ac</ref> Today, Fisher's additive model is still regularly used in [[Genome-wide association study|genome-wide association studies]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Visscher |first1=Peter M. |last2=Goddard |first2=Michael E. |date=2019 |title=From R.A. Fisher's 1918 Paper to GWAS a Century Later |journal=Genetics |volume=211 |issue=4 |pages=1125–1130 |doi=10.1534/genetics.118.301594 |pmc=6456325 |pmid=30967441 }}</ref>

===Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919–1933===
In 1919, he began working at the [[Rothamsted Research|Rothamsted Experimental Station]] in Hertfordshire, where he would remain for 14 years.<ref name=russ/> He had been offered a position at the [[Galton Laboratory]] in [[University College London]] led by [[Karl Pearson]], but instead accepted a temporary role at Rothamsted to investigate the possibility of analysing the vast amount of crop data accumulated since 1842 from the "Classical Field Experiments". He analysed the data recorded over many years, and in 1921 published ''Studies in Crop Variation I'', his first application of the [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA).<ref>{{ cite journal | title=) Studies in Crop Variation. I. An Examination of the Yield of Dressed Grain from Broadbalk | first1=Ronald A. | last1=Fisher | journal=Journal of Agricultural Science | volume=11 | pages=107–135| year=1921 | issue=2 | doi=10.1017/S0021859600003750 | hdl=2440/15170 | s2cid=86029217 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> ''Studies in Crop Variation II'' written with his first assistant, [[Winifred Mackenzie]], became the model for later ANOVA work.<ref>{{ cite journal | title=) Studies in Crop Variation. II. The Manurial Response of Different Potato Varieties | first1=Ronald A. | last1=Fisher | journal=Journal of Agricultural Science | volume=13 | pages=311–320| year=1923 | issue=3 | doi=10.1017/S0021859600003592 | hdl=2440/15179 | s2cid=85985907 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Later assistants who mastered and propagated Fisher's methods were [[Joseph Oscar Irwin]], [[John Wishart (statistician)|John Wishart]] and [[Frank Yates]]. Between 1912 and 1922 Fisher recommended, analysed (with heuristic [[mathematical proof|proofs]]) and vastly popularized the [[maximum likelihood estimation]] method.<ref>{{cite book | title=Parametric statistical theory | last1=Pfanzagl | first1=Johann | first2=R. | last2=Hamböker | year=1994 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | location=Berlin | isbn=978-3-11-013863-4 | pages=207–208}}</ref>

[[File:Ronald Fisher 1912 graduation Cambridge.JPG|thumb|upright|On graduating from Cambridge University, 1912]]
[[File:Peacock Flying.jpg|thumb|The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of a Fisherian runaway]]
[[File:Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg|thumb|Rothamsted Research]]

Fisher's 1924 article ''On a distribution yielding the error functions of several well known statistics'' presented [[Pearson's chi-squared test]] and [[William Sealy Gosset|William Gosset]]'s [[Student's t-distribution]] in the same framework as the [[Gaussian distribution]], and is where he developed [[Fisher's z-distribution]], a new statistical method commonly used decades later as the [[F-distribution|''F''-distribution]]. He pioneered the principles of the [[design of experiments]] and the statistics of small samples and the analysis of real data.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Krishnan |first=T. |date=1997-09-01 |title=Fisher's contributions to statistics |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02834579 |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=32–37 |doi=10.1007/BF02834579 |issn=0973-712X}}</ref>

In 1925 he published ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'', one of the 20th century's most influential books on statistical methods.<ref name=Conniffe>{{cite journal |last1=Conniffe |first1=Denis |title=R.A. Fisher and the development of statistics - a view in his centerary year |journal=Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland |volume=26 |issue=3 |date=1991 |pages=55–108 |id={{ProQuest|911976618}} |hdl=2262/2764 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Fisher's method]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Fisher | first=R.A. | year=1925 | title=Statistical Methods for Research Workers | publisher=Oliver and Boyd (Edinburgh) | url=https://archive.org/details/statisticalmethoe7fish | isbn=978-0-05-002170-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.2307/2681650| last=Fisher | first=R.A.| author2=Fisher, R. A | title=Questions and answers #14 | journal=The American Statistician | year=1948 | volume=2| pages=30–31 | issue=5 | jstor=2681650}}</ref> is a technique for [[data fusion]] or "[[meta-analysis]]" (analysis of analyses). Fisher formalized and popularized use of the [[p-value]] in statistics, which plays a central role in his approach. Fisher proposes the level p=0.05, or a 1 in 20 chance of being exceeded by chance, as a limit for statistical significance, and applies this to a normal distribution (as a two-tailed test), yielding the rule of two standard deviations (on a normal distribution) for statistical significance.<ref>{{ cite book | url=https://www.jerrydallal.com/LHSP/LHSP.htm | title=The Little Handbook of Statistical Practice | last1=Dallal | first1=Gerard E. | year=2012 }}</ref> The significance of [[1.96]], the approximate value of the 97.5 percentile point of the normal distribution used in probability and statistics, also originated in this book.
<blockquote>
"The value for which P = 0.05, or 1 in 20, is 1.96 or nearly 2; it is convenient to take this point as a limit in judging whether a deviation is to be considered significant or not."<ref>
{{cite book | first=Ronald | last=Fisher | author-link=Ronald Fisher | title=Statistical Methods for Research Workers | year=1925 | isbn=978-0-05-002170-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/statisticalmethoe7fish/page/46 46] | publisher=Oliver and Boyd | location=Edinburgh | url=https://archive.org/details/statisticalmethoe7fish/page/46 }}</ref>
</blockquote>
In Table 1 of the work, he gave the more precise value 1.959964.<ref>
{{cite book | first=Ronald | last=Fisher |author-link=Ronald Fisher |title=Statistical Methods for Research Workers |year=1925 |isbn=978-0-05-002170-5| publisher=Oliver and Boyd| location=Edinburgh| title-link=Statistical Methods for Research Workers }}, [https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fisher/Methods/tabI-II.gif Table 1]</ref>

In 1928, Fisher was the first to use [[diffusion equation]]s to attempt to calculate the distribution of [[allele]] frequencies and the estimation of [[genetic linkage]] by maximum likelihood methods among populations.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=R. A. | last1=Fisher | last2=Balmukand | first2=B. | year=1928 | title =The estimation of linkage from the offspring of selfed heterozygotes | journal= [[Journal of Genetics]] | volume=20 | pages=79–92 | doi = 10.1007/bf02983317 | s2cid=27688031 }}</ref>

In 1930, ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'' was first published by [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] and is dedicated to [[Leonard Darwin]]. A core work of the neo-Darwinian [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]],<ref>{{cite book|title= Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think|last= Grafen|first= Alan|author-link= Alan Grafen|author2= Ridley, Mark|year= 2006|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-19-929116-8|page= [https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan/page/69 69]|url= https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan/page/69}}</ref> it helped define [[population genetics]], which Fisher founded alongside [[Sewall Wright]] and [[J. B. S. Haldane]], and revived Darwin's neglected idea of [[sexual selection]].<ref>[https://bio.research.ucsc.edu/~barrylab/classes/evolution/SEXUAL.HTM Sexual Selection and Summary of Population Genetics] Accessed from uscs.edu 2 August 2015</ref>

One of Fisher's favourite aphorisms was "Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability."<ref>[https://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full ''The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection'']. It was first reported in 1936 by Julian Huxley and often repeated in Huxley's work (e.g., 1942, 1954) until it finally passed into the language unattributed through the writings of C. H. Waddington, Gavin de Beer, Ernst Mayr, and Richard Dawkins.</ref>

Fisher's fame grew, and he began to travel and lecture widely. In 1931, he spent six weeks at the Statistical Laboratory at [[Iowa State College]] where he gave three lectures per week, and met many American statisticians, including [[George W. Snedecor]]. He returned there again in 1936.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===University College London, 1933–1943===
In 1933, Fisher became the head of the Department of [[Eugenics]] at [[University College London]].<ref>[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/department/history Department History], Department of Statistics, [[University College London]].</ref> In 1934, he become editor of the ''Annals of Eugenics'' (now called ''[[Annals of Human Genetics]]'').

In 1935, he published ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'', which was "also fundamental, [and promoted] statistical technique and application... The mathematical justification of the methods was not stressed and proofs were often barely sketched or omitted altogether .... [This] led [[Henry Mann|H.B. Mann]] to fill the gaps with a rigorous mathematical treatment".<ref name=Conniffe/><ref>{{cite book|last=Mann|first=H.B.|title=Analysis and design of experiments: Analysis of variance and analysis&nbsp;of&nbsp;variance designs|publisher=Dover |location=New York|year=1949|mr=32177}}</ref> 
In this book Fisher also outlined the [[Lady tasting tea]], now a famous [[design of experiments|design]] of a statistical [[randomized experiment]] which uses [[Fisher's exact test]] and is the original exposition of Fisher's notion of a [[null hypothesis]].<ref>Fisher, R. A. (1971) ''[[The Design of Experiments]]''. Chapter II. The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment, Section 8. The Null Hypothesis</ref><ref>OED quote: '''1935''' R. A. Fisher, ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'' ii. 19, "We may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis'...the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation."</ref>

The same year he also published a paper on [[fiducial inference]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Fisher | first1=R. A. | year=1935 | title=The fiducial argument in statistical inference | journal=Annals of Eugenics | volume=8 | issue=4| pages=391–398 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.1935.tb02120.x | hdl=2440/15222 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hss.cmu.edu/philosophy/seidenfeld/relating%20to%20Fisher/Fisher's%20Fiducial%20Argument%20and%20Bayes%20Theorem.pdf|title=R. A. Fisher's Fiducial Argument and Bayes' Theorem by Teddy Seidenfeld}}</ref> and applied it to the [[Behrens–Fisher problem]], the solution to which, proposed first by [[Walter Behrens (statistician)|Walter Behrens]] and a few years later by Fisher, is the [[Behrens–Fisher distribution]].

In 1936, he introduced the [[Iris flower data set]] as an example of [[discriminant analysis]].<ref name="Fisher_DA_1936">{{cite journal |author=R. A. Fisher |year=1936 |title=The Use of Multiple Measurements in Taxonomic Problems |journal=[[Annals of Eugenics]]| volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/coll/special//fisher/138.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x|hdl=2440/15227 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In his 1937 paper ''The wave of advance of advantageous genes'' he proposed [[Fisher's equation]] in the context of [[population dynamics]] to describe the spatial spread of an advantageous [[allele]], and explored its travelling wave solutions.<ref>{{ cite journal | first1=R. A. | last1=Fisher | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/15125 | title=The wave of advance of advantageous genes | journal=Annals of Eugenics | number=7 | pages=353–369 | year= 1937 }}</ref> Out of this also came the [[Fisher–Kolmogorov equation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/pdectb/fisher2.pdf|title=Fisher 2}}</ref>
In 1937, he visited the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in Calcutta, and its one part-time employee, [[P. C. Mahalanobis]], often returning to encourage its development. He was the guest of honour at its 25th anniversary in 1957, when it had 2000 employees.<ref>Box, ''R. A. Fisher'', p. 337</ref>

In 1938, Fisher and [[Frank Yates]] described the [[Fisher–Yates shuffle]] in their book ''Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research''.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Fisher |first1=Ronald A. |author1-link=Ronald A. Fisher |last2=Yates |first2=Frank |author2-link=Frank Yates| title=Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research| orig-year=1938| edition=3rd| year=1948| pages=26–27| publisher=Oliver & Boyd| location=London| oclc=14222135}} Note: the 6th edition, {{isbn|0-02-844720-4}}, is [https://hdl.handle.net/2440/10701 available on the web], but gives a different shuffling algorithm by [[C. R. Rao]].</ref> Their description of the algorithm used pencil and paper; a table of random numbers provided the randomness.

===University of Cambridge, 1943–1956===
In 1943, along with [[Alexander Steven Corbet|A.S. Corbet]] and [[C.B. Williams]] he published a paper on [[relative species abundance]] where he developed the [[log series distribution]] (sometimes called the logarithmic distribution) to fit two different abundance data sets.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Fisher | first1= R. A. | last2=Corbet | first2=A. S. | last3=Williams | first3=C. B. | year=1943 | title=The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population | journal=Journal of Animal Ecology | volume=12 | issue= 1 | pages=42–58 | doi = 10.2307/1411 | jstor= 1411 | bibcode= 1943JAnEc..12...42F }}</ref><ref name="Volkov-et-al-2003">{{cite journal | last1=Volkov | first1=Igor | last2=Banavar | first2=Jayanth R. | last3=Hubbell | first3=Stephen P. | last4=Maritan | first4=Amos | title=Neutral theory and relative species abundance in ecology | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] | volume=424 | issue=6952 | year=2003 | doi=10.1038/nature01883 | pages=1035–1037| pmid=12944964 | arxiv=q-bio/0504018 | bibcode=2003Natur.424.1035V | s2cid=695540 }}</ref><ref name="Williams-1964">{{cite journal | last=Williams | first=C. B. | title=Some Experiences of a Biologist with R. A. Fisher and Statistics | journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] | publisher=[[International Biometric Society]] ([[Wiley-Blackwell]]) | volume=20 | issue=2 | year=1964 | pages=301–306 | doi=10.2307/2528398 | jstor=2528398}}</ref> In the same year he took the [[Balfour Chair of Genetics]] where the Italian researcher [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] was recruited in 1948, establishing a one-man unit of bacterial genetics.

In 1936, Fisher used a [[Pearson's chi-squared test]] to analyze Mendel's data and concluded that Mendel's results were far too perfect, suggesting that adjustments (intentional or unconscious) had been made to the data to make the observations fit the hypothesis.<ref>{{Cite journal| first1=R. A. | title=Has Mendel's work been rediscovered? | journal=Annals of Science| last1=Fisher | volume=1| issue=2 | pages=115–126 | year=1936 | doi=10.1080/00033793600200111| hdl=2440/15123 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Later authors have claimed Fisher's analysis was flawed, proposing various statistical and botanical explanations for Mendel's numbers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Franklin|first1=Allan|last2=Edwards|first2=A. W. F.|last3=Fairbanks|first3=Daniel J.|last4=Hartl|first4=Daniel L.|last5=Seidenfeld|first5=Teddy|title=Ending the Mendel-Fisher Controversy|year=2008|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0822973409}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sturtevant|first=A. H.|title=A History of Genetics|year=2001|publisher=Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press|location=Cold Springs Harbor, New York|isbn=978-0-87969-607-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgenetic00stur/page/13 13–16]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgenetic00stur/page/13}}</ref> In 1947, Fisher co-founded the journal ''[[Heredity (journal)|Heredity]]'' with [[Cyril Darlington]] and in 1949 he published ''The Theory of Inbreeding.''

In 1950, he published "Gene Frequencies in a Cline Determined by Selection and Diffusion".<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | last1=Fisher | first1=R. A. | year=1950 | title=Gene Frequencies in a Cline Determined by Selection and Diffusion | journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] | volume=6 | number=4 | pages=353–361 | doi=10.2307/3001780 | pmid=14791572 |jstor=3001780| hdl=2440/15146 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> He developed computational [[algorithm]]s for analyzing data from his balanced experimental designs,<ref>Box, ''R. A. Fisher'', pp. 93–166</ref> with various editions and translations, becoming a standard reference work for scientists in many disciplines. In [[ecological genetics]] he and [[E. B. Ford]] showed that the force of natural selection was much stronger than had been assumed, with many ecogenetic situations (such as [[polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]]) being maintained by the force of selection.

During this time he also worked on mouse chromosome mapping, breeding the mice in laboratories in his own house.<ref>{{cite journal|title=D. S. Falconer and Introduction to Quantitative Genetics|journal=Genetics|volume=167|issue=4|date=1 August 2004|url=https://www.genetics.org/content/167/4/1529.full|author=William G. Hill, Trudy F.C. Mackay|pmid=15342495|pages=1529–1536|doi=10.1093/genetics/167.4.1529|pmc=1471025}}</ref>

Fisher publicly spoke out against the 1950 study showing that smoking [[tobacco]] causes [[lung cancer]], arguing that [[correlation does not imply causation]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Fisher|first=Ronald|title=Dangers of Cigarette-Smoking|journal=[[The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]]|volume=2|issue=5035|pages=297–298|publisher=[[British Medical Association]]|place=[[London]]|date=6 July 1957|jstor=25383068|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5035.43|pmc=1961712}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fisher|first=Ronald|title=Dangers of Cigarette-Smoking|journal=[[The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]]|volume=2|issue=5039|publisher=[[British Medical Association]]|place=[[London]]|date=3 August 1957|pages=297–298|jstor=25383439|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5039.297-b|pmc=1961712}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fisher|first=Ronald|title=Cigarettes, Cancer, and Statistics|journal=The Centennial Review of Arts & Science|volume=2|publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]]|place=[[East Lansing, Michigan]]|year=1958|pages=151–166|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher274.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fisher|first=Ronald|title=The Nature of Probability|journal=The Centennial Review of Arts & Science|volume=2|publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]]|place=[[East Lansing, Michigan]]|year=1958|pages=261–274|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher272.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fisher|first=Ronald|title=Lung Cancer and Cigarettes|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=182|issue=4628|publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]]|place=[[London]]|date=12 July 1958|page=108|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher275.pdf |doi=10.1038/182108a0|pmid=13566198|bibcode=1958Natur.182..108F|s2cid=4222105|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fisher|first=Ronald|title=Cancer and Smoking|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=182|issue=4635|publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]]|place=[[London]]|date=30 August 1958|page=596|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher276.pdf |doi=10.1038/182596a0|pmid=13577916|bibcode=1958Natur.182..596F|s2cid=4172653|doi-access=free}}</ref> To quote his biographers Yates and Mather, "It has been suggested that the fact that Fisher was employed as consultant by the tobacco firms in this controversy casts doubt on the value of his arguments. This is to misjudge the man. He was not above accepting financial reward for his labours, but the reason for his interest was undoubtedly his dislike and mistrust of puritanical tendencies of all kinds; and perhaps also the personal solace he had always found in tobacco."<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last1=Yates |first1=F. |last2=Mather |first2=K. |year=1963 |title=Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=9 |pages=91–129 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1963.0006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Others have suggested that his analysis was biased by professional conflicts and his own love of smoking;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stolley |first1=Paul D |title=When genius errs: RA Fisher and the lung cancer controversy |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |date=1991 |volume=133 |issue=5 |pages=416–425|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115904 |pmid=2000852 }}</ref> he was a heavy pipe smoker.<ref name="Keane 2022"/>

He gave the 1953 [[Croonian lecture]] on population genetics.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Croonian Lecture – Population genetics|date=9 September 1953|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=141|issue=905|pages=510–523|doi=10.1098/rspb.1953.0058|pmid=13100409|bibcode = 1953RSPSB.141..510F|last1 = Fisher|first1 = Ronald|s2cid=85157766}}</ref>

In the winter of 1954–1955 Fisher met [[Debabrata Basu]], the Indian statistician who wrote in 1988, "With his reference set argument, Sir Ronald was trying to find a ''[[via media]]'' between the two poles of Statistics&nbsp;– Berkeley and [[Thomas Bayes|Bayes]].<ref>The term "Berkeley" has several meanings, here. Basu refers to the leadership of [[Jerzy Neyman]]'s department of statistics at the University of California at Berkeley in the world of frequentist statistics. Secondly, Basu alludes to the British philosopher [[George Berkeley]] who criticized the use of [[infinitesimal]]s in [[mathematical analysis]]; Berkeley's criticisms were answered by [[Thomas Bayes]] in a pamphlet.</ref> My efforts to understand this Fisher compromise led me to the [[likelihood principle]]".<ref>p. xvii in Ghosh (ed.)</ref>

===Adelaide, 1957–1962===
[[File:Ronald Aylmer Fisher.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque over his remains, lectern-side aisle of St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide]]
In 1957, a retired Fisher emigrated to Australia, where he spent time as a senior research fellow at the Australian [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) in [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]].<ref name=samhs/> During this time, he continued in his denial of tobacco harm, and enlisted German eugenicist [[Otmar von Verschuer]] to his cause.<ref name="Keane 2022"/>

Following surgery for [[colon cancer]], he died of post-operative complications in [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]] in Adelaide in 1962.<ref name=samhs>{{cite web |title=Ronald Aylmer Fisher |publisher=South Australian Medical Heritage Society Inc. |url=https://www.samhs.org.au/Virtual%20Museum/Notable-individuals/rafisher/index-rafisher.htm}}</ref><ref name="Keane 2022"/> His remains are interred in [[St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide|St Peter's Cathedral]], Adelaide.<ref name=samhs/>