Editing Romano-British culture (section)

===Roman citizenship===
One aspect of Roman influence seen in British life was the grant of [[Roman citizenship]].<ref>[http://www.romanempire.net/romepage/Citizenship/Roman_Citizenship.htm Roman Citizenship]. Romanempire.net.</ref> At first this was granted very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, whom Roman practice made citizens; to veterans, either [[Roman legion|legionaries]] or soldiers in [[Roman auxiliaries in Britain|auxiliary units]]; and to a number of natives whose [[patron]]s obtained citizenship for them. The granting of Roman citizenship was gradually expanded and more people from provinces became citizens. One way for a provincial inhabitant to become a citizen was to serve in the Roman army or a city council.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lavan |first=Myles |date=February 2016 |title=The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 ce: Quantification in the Face of High Uncertainty |journal=Past & Present |issue=230 |pages=3–46 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtv043 |issn=0031-2746|hdl=10023/12646 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Dobson|first1=B.|last2=Mann|first2=J. C.|date=1973|title=The Roman Army in Britain and Britons in the Roman Army |journal=Britannia|volume=4|pages=191–205|doi=10.2307/525866|jstor=525866|s2cid=161707917 |issn=0068-113X}}</ref> The number of citizens steadily increased, as people inherited citizenship and more grants were made by the emperors. Eventually in 212 or early 213 AD, everybody living in the provinces except slaves and [[freed slaves]] were granted citizenship by the ''[[Constitutio Antoniniana]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Roman citizenship held many benefits; for example, citizens could make their own decisions, could request protection, and could share possessions/responsibilities within the community under the protection of Roman law.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heater|first=Derek Benjamin |title=A brief history of citizenship|date=2004|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=0-7486-1999-2|oclc=55911461}}</ref>

The other inhabitants of Britain, who did not enjoy citizenship, the ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|Peregrini]]'', continued to live under the laws of their ancestors. Principal handicaps were that they could not own land with a Latin title, serve as a [[legionary]] in the army, or, in general, [[will (law)|inherit]] from a Roman citizen.<ref name=":1" /> In the Republic, foreign ''peregrini'' were further named as ''peregrini dediticii'' which meant they were "surrendered foreigners" and forbidden to gain Roman citizenship.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mathisen|first=Ralph W.|date=2006-10-01|title=Peregrini, Barbari, and Cives Romani: Concepts of Citizenship and the Legal Identity of Barbarians in the Later Roman Empire |journal=The American Historical Review|volume=111|issue=4|pages=1011–1040|doi=10.1086/ahr.111.4.1011|issn=1937-5239|doi-access=free}}</ref> These surrendered foreigners were not provided with any of the benefits, duties, status or sense of identity of citizens. Romans continued to stigmatize ''peregrini dediticii'' as freedmen or foreigners who were tortured and excluded from citizenship forever.<ref name=":2" />