Editing Riyadh (section)

===Early history===
During the [[Jahiliyya|Pre-Islamic era]], the city at the site of modern Riyadh was called [[Hajr]] ({{langx|ar|حجر}}), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of [[Banu Hanifa]].{{sfn|Sonbol|2012|p=99}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=al-hakawati - Riyadh |url=http://al-hakawati.net/en_civilizations/CivilizationDetails/17147/Riyadh |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=al-hakawati.net}}</ref> [[Hajr]] served as the capital of the province of [[Al-Yamamah]], whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern [[Arabia]] during the [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the [[Abbasid Empire]] in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the [[Ukhaydhirites]], who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby [[Al-Kharj]]. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of [[Al-Yamamah]], and its name is [[Hajr]]". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to the [[Bani Hanifa]], and reports that he continued on with their leader to [[Mecca]] to perform the [[Hajj]].

Later on, [[Hajr]] broke up into several separate settlements and estates. The most notable of these were [[Migrin]] (or Muqrin) and [[Mikal, Riyadh|Mi'kal]], though the name ''[[Hajr]]'' continued to appear in local folk poetry. The earliest known reference to the area by the name ''Riyadh'' comes from a 17th-century chronicler reporting on an event from the year 1590. In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring [[Manfuha]], took control of Riyadh.{{sfn|Cybriwsky|2013|p=258}} Ibn Dawwas built a [[Riyadh city wall|single wall]] to encircle the various oasis towns in the area, making them effectively a [[walled town of Riyadh|single fortress city]]. The name "Riyadh", meaning "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.{{sfn|Al-Oteibi|1993|p=163}}