Editing Rift Valley fever (section)

==Cause==

===Virology===
{{Virusbox
| name = Rift Valley fever virus
| image = Viruses-08-00174-g001.png
| image_alt = Prototypic phlebovirus virion and genome organization
| image_caption = [[Phlebovirus]] virion and genome
| parent = Phlebovirus
| species = Phlebovirus riftense
| synonyms = * ''Rify Valley fever phlebovirus''
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=History of the taxon: Species: ''Phlebovirus riftense'' (2024 Release, MSL #40)|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202400163&taxon_name=Phlebovirus%20riftense|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

The virus belongs to the ''[[Bunyaviricetes]]'' class. This is a class of enveloped negative single-stranded RNA viruses. All bunyaviruses have an outer lipid envelope with two [[glycoproteins]]—G(N) and G(C)—required for cell entry. They deliver their genome into the host-cell [[cytoplasm]] by fusing their envelope with an [[endosomal membrane]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The virus' G(C) protein has a class II [[membrane fusion protein]] architecture similar to that found in [[flavivirus]]es and [[alphavirus]]es.<ref name=Dessau2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dessau M, Modis Y | title = Crystal structure of glycoprotein C from Rift Valley fever virus | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 110 | issue = 5 | pages = 1696–701 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23319635 | pmc = 3562824 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1217780110 | bibcode = 2013PNAS..110.1696D | doi-access = free }}</ref> This structural similarity suggests that there may be a common origin for these viral families.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The virus' 11.5 [[Kilo-base pair|kb]] tripartite [[genome]] is composed of single-stranded [[RNA]]. As a ''[[Phlebovirus]],'' it has an [[Sense (molecular biology)|ambisense]] genome. Its L and M segments are negative-sense, but its S segment is ambisense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/252.html|title=ViralZone: Phlebovirus|website=viralzone.expasy.org|access-date=2016-09-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003114115/http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/252.html|archive-date=2016-10-03}}</ref> These three genome segments code for six major proteins: L protein ([[Polymerase|viral polymerase]]), the two glycoproteins G(N) and G(C), the [[Capsid|nucleocapsid]] N protein, and the [[Bunyaviridae nonstructural S proteins|nonstructural NSs]] and NSm proteins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Khristova |first2=Marina L. |last3=Rollin |first3=Pierre E. |last4=Ksiazek |first4=Thomas G. |last5=Nichol |first5=Stuart T. |date=2007-03-15 |title=Complete Genome Analysis of 33 Ecologically and Biologically Diverse Rift Valley Fever Virus Strains Reveals Widespread Virus Movement and Low Genetic Diversity due to Recent Common Ancestry |journal=Journal of Virology |language=en |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=2805–2816 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02095-06 |issn=0022-538X |pmc=1865992 |pmid=17192303}}</ref>

===Transmission===
{{See also|Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever}}
The virus is transmitted through mosquito [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]], as well as through contact with the tissue of infected animals. Two species—''[[Culex tritaeniorhynchus]]'' and ''[[Aedes vexans]]''—are known to transmit the virus.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM, Al Mujalli D, Al Khamees M, Swanepoel R | title = The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies | journal = Medical and Veterinary Entomology | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–52 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12243225 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> Other potential vectors include ''[[Aedes caspius]]'', ''[[Aedes mcintosh]]'', ''[[Aedes ochraceus]],'' ''[[Culex pipiens]]'', ''[[Culex antennatus]]'', ''[[Culex perexiguus]]'', ''[[Culex zombaensis]]'' and ''[[Culex quinquefasciatus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turell MJ, Presley SM, Gad AM, Cope SE, Dohm DJ, Morrill JC, Arthur RR | title = Vector competence of Egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 136–39 | date = February 1996 | pmid = 8619436 | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.136 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turell MJ, Lee JS, Richardson JH, Sang RC, Kioko EN, Agawo MO, Pecor J, O'Guinn ML | s2cid = 36591701 | title = Vector competence of Kenyan Culex zombaensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus | journal = Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 378–82 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18240513 | doi = 10.2987/5645.1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, Diallo M, Thonnon J, Digoutte JP, Zeller HG | title = New vectors of Rift Valley fever in West Africa | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 289–93 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9621201 | pmc = 2640145 | doi = 10.3201/eid0402.980218 }}</ref> Contact with infected tissue is considered to be the main source of human infections.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Swanepoel R, Coetzer JA |chapter=Rift Valley fever | veditors = Coetzer JA, Tustin RC |title=Infectious diseases of livestock |publisher=Oxford University Press Southern Africa |location=Cape Town |year=2004 |pages=1037–70 |isbn=978-0195761702 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The virus has been isolated from two bat species: the [[Peters's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat|Peter's epauletted fruit bat]] (''Micropteropus pusillus'') and the [[Aba Roundleaf Bat|aba roundleaf bat]] (''Hipposideros abae''), which are believed to be [[Natural reservoir|reservoirs]] for the virus.<ref name=isolation>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boiro I, Konstaninov OK, Numerov AD | title = [Isolation of Rift Valley fever virus from bats in the Republic of Guinea] | language = fr | journal = Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique et de Ses Filiales | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–67 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3607999 }}</ref>