Editing Race and intelligence (section)

=== Early IQ testing ===
The first practical intelligence test, the [[Binet-Simon Intelligence Test]], was developed between 1905 and 1908 by [[Alfred Binet]] and [[Théodore Simon]] in France for school placement of children. Binet warned that results from his test should not be assumed to measure innate intelligence or used to label individuals permanently.{{sfn|Plotnik|Kouyoumdjian|2011}} Binet's test was translated into English and revised in 1916 by [[Lewis Terman]] (who introduced IQ scoring for the test results) and published under the name [[Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales]]. In 1916 Terman wrote that Mexican-Americans, African-Americans, and Native Americans have a mental "dullness [that] seems to be racial, or at least inherent in the family stocks from which they come."<ref>{{cite book |last=Terman |first=Lewis |title=The Measurement Of Intelligence |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |year=1916 |page=91 |oclc=557712625}}</ref>

The US Army used a different set of tests developed by [[Robert Yerkes]] to evaluate draftees for World War I. Based on the Army's data, prominent psychologists and eugenicists such as [[Henry H. Goddard]], [[Harry H. Laughlin]], and Princeton professor [[Carl Brigham]] wrote that people from southern and eastern Europe were less intelligent than native-born Americans or immigrants from the Nordic countries, and that black Americans were less intelligent than white Americans.{{sfn|Jackson|Weidman|2004|page=116}} The results were widely publicized by a lobby of anti-immigration activists, including the conservationist and theorist of [[scientific racism]] [[Madison Grant]], who considered the so-called [[Nordic race]] to be superior, but under threat because of immigration by "inferior breeds." In his influential work, ''A Study of American Intelligence,'' psychologist [[Carl Brigham]] used the results of the Army tests to argue for a stricter immigration policy, limiting immigration to countries considered to belong to the "Nordic race".{{sfn|Jackson|Weidman|2004|pages=116, 309}}

In the 1920s, some US states enacted [[eugenic]] laws, such as Virginia's [[Racial Integrity Act of 1924|1924 Racial Integrity Act]], which established the [[one-drop rule]] (of '[[racial purity]]') as law. Many scientists reacted negatively to eugenicist claims linking abilities and moral character to racial or genetic ancestry. They pointed to the contribution of environment (such as speaking English as a second language) to test results.{{sfn|Pickren|Rutherford|2010|p=163}} By the mid-1930s, many psychologists in the US had adopted the view that environmental and cultural factors played a dominant role in IQ test results. The psychologist Carl Brigham repudiated his own earlier arguments, explaining that he had come to realize that the tests were not a measure of innate intelligence.{{sfn|Jackson|Weidman|2004|page=145}}

Discussions of the issue in the United States, especially in the writings of Madison Grant, influenced [[Germans|German]] [[Nazi]] claims that the "Nordics" were a "[[master race]]."{{sfn|Spiro|2009}} As American public sentiment shifted against the Germans, claims of racial differences in intelligence increasingly came to be regarded as problematic.<ref name="Ludy 2006">{{harvnb|Ludy|2006}}</ref> Anthropologists such as [[Franz Boas]], [[Ruth Benedict]], and [[Gene Weltfish]] did much to demonstrate that claims about racial hierarchies of intelligence were unscientific.{{sfn|Jackson|Weidman|2004|pages=130–32}} Nonetheless, a powerful eugenics and segregation lobby funded largely by textile-magnate [[Wickliffe Draper]] continued to use intelligence studies as an argument for eugenics, segregation, and anti-immigration legislation.{{sfn|Tucker|2002}}