Editing Quasi-biennial oscillation (section)

== Effects ==
Effects of the QBO include mixing of stratospheric [[ozone]] by the [[secondary circulation]] caused by the QBO, modification of [[monsoon]] precipitation, and an influence on stratospheric circulation in [[northern hemisphere]] winter (mediated partly by a change in the frequency of [[sudden stratospheric warmings]]). Easterly phases of the QBO often coincide with more sudden stratospheric warmings, a weaker Atlantic jet stream, and cold winters in Northern Europe and the Eastern U.S. In contrast, westerly phases of the QBO often coincide with mild winters in the Eastern U.S. and a strong Atlantic jet stream with mild, wet winters in Northern Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R.A. |last=Ebdon |title=The quasi-biennial oscillation and its association with tropospheric circulation patterns |journal=Met. Mag. |volume=104 |pages=282–297 |year=1975 }}</ref>  In addition, the QBO has been shown to affect hurricane frequency during hurricane seasons in the Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |first=William M. |last=Gray |title=Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency. Part I: El Nino and 30mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences |journal= Monthly Weather Review|volume=112 |issue= 9|pages=1649–1668 |year=1984 |doi= 10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1649:ashfpi>2.0.co;2|bibcode=1984MWRv..112.1649G|doi-access=free }}</ref> Research has also been conducted investigating a possible relationship between ENSO ([[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]]) and the QBO.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=T.|last1=Maruyama|first2=Y.|last2=Tsuneoka|title=Anomalously short duration of the easterly wind phase of the QBO at 50hPa in 1987 and its relationship to an El Nino event|journal= Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan |series=Series II|volume=66|issue=4|pages=629–634|year=1988|doi=10.2151/jmsj1965.66.4_629|doi-access=free}}</ref>