Editing Quadi (section)

==First reports and location==
The Quadi start to appear in contemporary works only after their neighbours the [[Marcomanni]] settled in central [[Bohemia]]. This happened after their defeat during the Germania campaign of [[Nero Claudius Drusus|the elder Drusus]] in about 9 BC. The defeated Marcomanni soon received a new king Maroboduus, who had been brought up in Rome. He proceeded to lead his own people and their Suebian allies into more isolated regions in the present day [[Czech Republic]], which was surrounded by forests and mountains. It is possible that the name "Quadi" was new, and that the same group had previously been one of those mentioned in Roman accounts under the more general name "Suebi". This was for example the name given to one of the groups who the Romans defeated in the battle after they defeated the Marcomanni in 9 BC.{{sfn|Hofeneder|2003|p=625}} 

While the literary and archaeological evidence is not perfectly clear, it is most often presumed that the Quadi first settled in [[Moravia]] around the same time that the Marcomanni settled in Bohemia.{{sfn|Hofeneder|2003|p=627}}{{sfn|Kolník|2003|p=631}} There is however a proposal that the Quadi moved into the Bohemian area before the Marcomanni, based on archaeological evidence of [[Elbe Germanic peoples]] in the region already before the Marcomanni defeat.{{sfn|Droberjar|2018}} The archaeological evidence left by these two peoples is similar, making it difficult to define the borders between them, but it confirms their connections with the Elbe ''Germani'', who were living near the central [[Elbe]] river and the [[Saale]].{{sfn|Kolník|2003|p=636}} The archaeological [[material culture]] which unites these groups, and distinguishes them from the previous Celtic inhabitants, is referred to as the "Grossromstedt horizon".<ref>{{harvtxt|Steuer|2021|p=1008}}: "Die Leute der Großromstedter Kultur, die nach Böhmen einzogen, deckten nicht sehr zahlreich das ehemals keltische Milieu ab. Die Kultur entstand archäologisch im Saale-Elbe-Gebiet wohl schon vor der Mitte des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. und erschien etwa in den Jahren 40/20 v. Chr. in Böhmen".</ref> It was influenced not only by the older [[Jastorf culture]] of the Elbe region, but also by the [[Przeworsk culture]] from further east, in present day Poland. The variant which developed in the old Boii lands is called the Plaňany-Group, and also shows the residual influence of their older Celtic [[La Tène culture]] of the Boii, which had itself already come under Przeworsk influence in the generations before the Germanic influx.{{sfn|Beneš|Bursák|2017}}{{sfn|Danielisova |2020}}

The evidence indicates that the Quadi initially lived near the Morava river, in southwestern Slovakia, southern [[Moravia]], and north-eastern [[Lower Austria]].{{sfn|Hofeneder|2003|p=625}} However, their population, perhaps divided into two distinct states, was later more concentrated to the east of the [[Little Carpathians]], in what is now Slovakia, and they eventually extended as far as Vác in present-day Hungary.{{sfn|Kolník|2003|pp=631-632}} At its height, their kingdom also possibly stretched west into present-day Bohemia.{{sfn|Kolník|2003|p=632}} Over time the eastern Quadi became an important cultural bridge between Romans, Sarmatians and the more distant peoples to the north and east.{{sfn|Kolník|2003|pp=636-637}}

[[Strabo]], writing about 23 AD, appears to have written the earliest surviving mention of the Quadi, although aspects of the text are somewhat doubtful. Strabo described a mountain range running north of the Danube, like a smaller version of the Alps which runs south of it. Within it is the [[Hercynian forest]], and within this forest are tribes of [[Suebi]] "such as the tribes of the ''Coldui'' [καθάπερ τὰ τῶν κολδούων], in whose territory lies ''Buiaimon'' [Βουίαιμον, the original "[[Bohemia]]"], the royal seat of [[Maroboduus]]". King Maroboduus, he wrote, had led several peoples into this forested region, including his own people the [[Marcomanni]]. He therefore became ruler of Suevi peoples in this forested region, and also over other Suevi living outside it. Not only is Strabo's spelling of Quadi with an "L" unexpected when compared to later references, but also the implication that Maroboduus lived within Quadi territory. Errors are therefore suspected in the surviving text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hofeneder|2003|p=625}} citing Strabo, ''Geography'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3 7.1.3]</ref>

A contemporary of Strabo, [[Velleius Paterculus]], didn't mention the Quadi by name but described "Boiohaemum", where Maroboduus and the Marcomanni lived, as "plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest", and he said this was the only part of [[Germania]] which the Romans did not control in the period before the Roman defeat at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in 9 AD.<ref>Velleius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.108]: "Nothing remained to be conquered in Germany except the people of the Marcomanni, which, leaving its settlements at the summons of its leader Maroboduus, had retired into the interior and now dwelt in the plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest". (''Nihil erat iam in Germania, quod vinci posset, praeter gentem Marcomannorum, quae Maroboduo duce excita sedibus suis atque in interiora refugiens incinctos Hercynia silva campos incolebat.'')</ref> Velleius also remarked that Maroboduus subjugated all his neighbours either by war or treaty. Hofeneder notes that many modern scholars interpret this to mean that the Quadi were also under his overlordship. Although there is no consensus about this, it is in any case clear that the two peoples were always closely connected during the many centuries in which they appear in records.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hofeneder|2003|pp=628-629}} citing Velleius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.108]: "after occupying the region we have mentioned, he proceeded to reduce all the neighbouring races by war, or to bring them under his sovereignty by treaty" (''Occupatis igitur, quos praediximus, locis finitimos omnis aut bello domuit aut condicionibus iuris sui fecit'')</ref> 

Velleius said that Maroboduus drilled his Bohemian soldiers to almost Roman standards, and that although his policy was to avoid conflict with Rome, the Romans came to be concerned that he could invade Italy. "Races and individuals who revolted from us [the Romans] found in him a refuge." From a Roman point of view he noted that the closest point of access to Bohemia was via [[Carnuntum]].<ref>Velleius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.109]</ref> This was between present-day Vienna and Bratislava, and near the Quadi territory where the Morava river enters the Danube.

The Quadi leader at the time when Maroboduus moved to Bohemia was apparently named [[Tudrus]]. He is mentioned only by Tacitus, who is also the first author to clearly mention the Quadi in ancient records. Although archaeological evidence indicates that the Marcomanni and Quadi entered the area after the old Boii population was much reduced already, Tacitus claimed that they drove the [[Boii]] out and won their country by valour.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hofeneder|2003|pp=625,627}} citing Tacitus, ''Germania'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=42&highlight=quadi 42]</ref> He also remarked that their kings were still from the same old family (or families):
<blockquote>The Marcomanni and Quadi have, up to our time, been ruled by kings of their own nation, descended from the noble stock of Maroboduus and Tudrus. They now submit even to foreigners; but the strength and power of the monarch depend on Roman influence. He is occasionally supported by our arms, more frequently by our money, and his authority is none the less. [''Marcomanis Quadisque usque ad nostram memoriam reges manserunt ex gente ipsorum, nobile Marobodui et Tudri genus (iam et externos patiuntur), sed vis et potentia regibus ex auctoritate Romana. raro armis nostris, saepius pecunia iuvantur, nec minus valent.'']</blockquote>

To the east of the Quadi Strabo mentioned that the Suevian neighbours of Maroboduus bordered upon the "[[Getae]]", which in this case refers to the [[Dacians]]. Later, Pliny the Elder mentioned that the Dacians had been pushed east to the [[Tisza]], into the mountainous country (later referred to as [[Dacia]]) by the Sarmatian Iazyges. Pliny expressed doubt about whether the boundary between the Iazyges on the one hand, and the Suevi and the kingdom of Vannius on the other, was the Morava river or else the "Duria", which is a river that is no longer clearly identifiable.{{sfn|Hofeneder|2003|p=628}} The 2nd-century Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] similarly placed the Quadi on the edge of Germania, defining the "Sarmatian mountains" (Σαρματικὰ ὄρη) as the border, which he understood to run in a north-easterly direction from the sharp bend in the Danube to the "head of the Vistula" (κεφαλῆς τοῦ Οὐιστούλα), though present day Slovakia.<ref>Ptolemy, ''Geography'', Book [https://archive.org/details/claudiiptolemaei01ptol/page/120 2.10]. See {{harvtxt|Bochnak|2021}} for discussion of the "head" of the Vistula.</ref>

Ptolemy lists several neighbours of the Quadi living along this border of Germania. Between the Elbe and the head of the Vistula, but south of the [[Asciburgius]] mountains, lived the [[Corconti]] and the [[Buri tribe|Buri]], south of these were the Sidones, then the Cogni (perhaps the Cotini), and then the Visburgii, and south of this group was the [[Hercynian Forest|Hercynian valley]]. South of this forested valley were the Quadi, and south of them were iron mines and the Luna Forest. The southern neighbours of the Quadi were the "large nation" of the Baemi up to the Danube, and next to them along the river are the Rakatri, and then the Rakatai who live near the "''kampoi''" ({{lang|grk|πρὸς τοῖς Κάμποις}}), which could mean "the plains" but may have referred to the bend in the Danube, a people named the Kampi, or the [[Kamp (river)|river Kamp]] near Vienna.<ref>Ptolemy, ''Geography'', Book [https://archive.org/details/claudiiptolemaei01ptol/page/120 2.10]. See {{harvnb|Hofeneder|2003|p=628}} for the "Cognoi". See {{harvnb|Reichert|2000}} for the term "Kampoi".</ref> The Baemi ({{lang|grk|Βαῖμοι}}) were probably the "Bohemians" who were by that time living in the kingdom of Vannius.{{sfn|Hofeneder|2003|p=630}} West of the Hercynian forest is the [[Gambreta]] forest and south of this, west of the Quadi, were the Marcomanni, and south of them, west of the Baemi, were a people called the Sudini, and south these on the Danube were the Adrabaecampi, which might not be a tribal name, and is in any case probably related to the word "Kampi" used in relation to the Rakatai.{{sfn|Reichert|2000}}

Somewhat differently, Tacitus named four peoples living the north of the Marcomanni and Quadi, the [[Marsigni]], [[Cotini]] (or "Gotini"), [[Osi (ancient tribe)|Osi]], and [[Buri tribe|Buri]], dwelling in a range of mountains running from west to east through "Suevia", separating them from a large group of Germanic peoples named the [[Lugii]]. According to him the Osi and Cotini did not speak Germanic languages and worked the mines, paying the Quadi and Sarmatians tribute.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hofeneder|2003|p=630}} citing Tacitus, ''Germania'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=43&highlight=quadi 43]</ref>