Editing Pune (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Pune}}
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Maratha Empire]] 1674–1818<br />{{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Bombay Presidency]] 1818–1947<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Bombay State]] 1947–1960<br />{{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]] 1960–Present
| align = left
| width = 22em
| fontsize = 90%
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
}}

=== Early and Medieval Period ===
[[File:Pataleshwar cave complex Pune.jpg|thumb|left|The circular Nandi ''[[mandapa]]'' at the [[Pataleshwar]] cave temple built in the [[Rashtrakuta]] era (753–982)]]
Copper plates dated 858 and 868{{spaces}}CE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]. The [[Pataleshwar]] rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=JOGLEKAR|first1=P.P.|last2=DEO|first2=SUSHAMA G.|last3=BALAKAWADE|first3=PANDURANG|last4=DESHPANDE-MUKHERJEE|first4=ARATI|last5=RAJAGURU|first5=S.N.|last6=KULKARNI|first6=AMOL N.|date=2006|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=66/67|pages=211–225|jstor=42931448|title=A New Look at Ancient Pune Through Salvage Archaeology (2004–2006)}}</ref> Pune was part of the territory ruled by the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of various [[Muslims|Muslim]] sultanates until the late 1600s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gadgil|first1=D. R.|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Kantak 489-495">{{cite journal|last1=Kantak|first1=M. R.|title=Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1991–1992|volume=51/52|pages=489–495|jstor=42930432}}</ref>

=== The Maratha Empire ===
{{Main|Maratha Empire|Battle of Poona}}
Pune was part of the [[Jagir]] (fiefdom) granted by the [[Nizamshahi|Nizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate)]] to [[Maloji Bhosale]] in 1599.<ref name="Sardesai1957">{{cite book|author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai|title=New History of the Marathas: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his line (1600–1707)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Phoenix Publications|page=58|isbn=9788121500654|access-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103114931/http://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maloji Bhosale]] passed on [[Jagir]] of Pune to his son [[Shahaji Bhosale]].
The town was destroyed by Murar Jagdeo, a general from the rival [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] in 1636.Soon Shahaji himself joined Adilshahi and got his Pune jagir back. At that time he selected the town for the residence of his wife [[Jijabai]], and young son Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha empire. Shahaji appointed [[Dadoji Konddeo]] to help Jijabai in the administration of Jagir and in the reconstruction of the town. The [[Lal Mahal]] residence of Jiajabai and Shivaji was completed in 1640 AD.<ref name=":6" /> Shivaji spent his young years at the Lal Mahal. [[Jijabai]] is said to have commissioned the building of the [[Kasba Ganapati]] temple. The [[Ganesha]] idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity (''[[Gramadevata]]'') of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title = Monuments in Pune|publisher = Pune district administration |url = http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm|access-date =4 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080325021426/http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 25 March 2008}}</ref> Pune changed hands between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and the Marathas many times during the rest of the 1600s. Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal general [[Shaista Khan]] and later, the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] further developed the areas around the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punediary|url=http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html|publisher=Punediary|access-date=15 January 2011|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140007/http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pune was occupied again by Marathas in June 1670, four months to the battle of [[Sinhagad]] and remained in the hands of Marathas. From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-long [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], the town was occupied by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and its name was changed temporarily to Muhiyabad.<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/The-history-of-Muhiyabad-err...-Pune/DNPUN56250|title=The history of Muhiyabad err...Pune|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233457/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/The-history-of-Muhiyabad-err...-Pune/DNPUN56250|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This name was abandoned and reverted to its original name soon after Aurangzeb's death.

=== Peshwa Rule ===
In 1720, [[Baji Rao I]] was appointed [[Peshwa]] (prime minister) of the [[Maratha Empire]] by [[Shahu I]], the fifth [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=89}}</ref> As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base from [[Saswad]] to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a ''[[kasbah]]'' into a city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|date=1989|editor-last=Gokhale|editor-first=Balkrishna Govind|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=24|issue=5|pages=247–250|jstor=4394341}}</ref><ref name="gokhale1">{{Cite journal|last=Gokhale|first=Balkrishna Govind|date=1985|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Pune|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=105|issue=4|pages=719–724|doi=10.2307/602730|jstor=602730 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> He also commissioned the construction of the [[Shaniwar Wada]] on the high grounds of right bank of the [[Mutha River]]. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor, Nanasaheb constructed a lake at [[Katraj]] on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khare|first1=K. C.|last2=Jadhav|first2=M. S.|date=2008|title=Water Quality Assessment of Katraj Lake, Pune (Maharashtra, India): A Case Study|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/B%20-%20Water%20Quality/B-20.pdf|journal=Proceedings of Taal2007|volume=The 12th World Lake Conference|pages=292–299|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417140656/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/B%20-%20Water%20Quality/B-20.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|title=Deluge in Poona: Aftermath and rehabilitation|last1=Brahme|first1=Sulabha|last2=Gole|first2=Prakash|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics; Asia Publishing House|year=1967|location=Poona|pages=14–47|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225145817/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|url-status=live}}</ref> The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's true: Peshwa-era water duct still fresh! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/its-true-peshwa-era-water-duct-still-fresh/articleshow/480812.cms |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2004 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620050500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-true-Peshwa-era-water-duct-still-fresh/articleshow/480812.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palande-Datar |first1=Saili K |title=Sutradhara's tales: 350-year old Peshwa-era Katraj nahar keeps Pune water secure even today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/sutradharas-tales-350-year-old-peshwa-era-katraj-nahar-keeps-pune-water-secure-even-today-101631102664591.html |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610094956/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/sutradharas-tales-350-year-old-peshwa-era-katraj-nahar-keeps-pune-water-secure-even-today-101631102664591.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Poonah - British Library X123(13).jpg
| width1            = 250
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = [[Mula-Mutha River|Sangamwadi]], Poona in 1809.
| image2            = British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon.jpg
| width2            = 250
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon
}}

The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune, with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2011 |title=Lakdi Pul: 250-yr-old living history |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lakdi-pul-250-yr-old-living-history/articleshow/8121306.cms |access-date=6 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the temples on [[Parvati Hill]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Preston|first=Laurence W.|date=April 2002|title=Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=28|issue=2|pages=203–215|doi=10.1006/jhge.2001.0398|issn=0305-7488}}</ref> and many [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], and [[Ganesh]] temples. The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period.<ref name="gokhale1"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Kulthe |first=Bhagyashree |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar-1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar |work=DNA |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune prospered as a city during the reign of [[Nanasaheb Peshwa]]. He developed [[Saras Baug]], Heera Baug, Parvati Hill and new commercial, [[trading]], and residential localities. [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune|Sadashiv Peth]], [[Narayan Peth, Pune|Narayan Peth]], [[Rasta Peth, Pune|Rasta Peth]] and [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]] were developed. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]] but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] in the [[Battle of Poona]], directly precipitating the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II|Bajirao II]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1818.<ref name="Naravane2006">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PR7|year=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3|pages=80–86}}</ref>

Historian [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]] lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were [[Deshastha Brahmins]], 46 were [[Chitpawan]], 15 were [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]([[CKP]]) whereas [[Karhade Brahmin]] and [[Saraswat]] accounted for 11 families each.<ref name="Gokhale1988">{{cite book|author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]]|title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ|pages=111, 112|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195621372|quote=The caste composition of these leaders throws an interesting light on the nature and functioning of the upper echelons of Poona society. The late Professor G.S.Sardesai compiled a list of prominent historical families who played significant political, military and financial roles in Poona's affairs during the Eighteenth Century. The list contains the names and genealogies of 163 families. The caste affiliations of the families are Deshasthas 80 Chitpawans 46 Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 15 Karhadas 11 Saraswats 11.}}</ref>

=== British Rule (1818–1947) ===
[[File:Pune Poona 1911 map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Poona in 1911.]]
[[File:Dapoorie viaduct, Poona, 1858.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dapoorie railway bridge in [[Dapodi]] in 1858.]] 
[[File:KITLV 100100 - Unknown - Deccan College in Poona in India - Around 1875.tif|thumb|250px|right|Deccan College in Poona in India Around 1875]]
The [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] broke out between the Marathas and [[East India Company|the British East India Company]] in 1817. The [[Peshwa]]s were defeated at the [[Battle of Khadki]] (then spelled Kirkee) on 5{{spaces}}November near Pune and the city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of the [[Bombay Presidency]] and the British built a large military [[Pune Cantonment|cantonment]] to the east of the city (now used by the [[Indian Army]]). The old city and the cantonment areas followed different patterns of development, with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kadekar|first1=LN|title=A Reader in urban sociology|date=1991|publisher=Sangam|location=London|isbn=978-0863111518|pages=154–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&q=poona+british+cantonment++%22race+course%22+&pg=PA49}}</ref> The settlement of the regiments of the 17 [[Poona Horse]] cavalry, the [[Lancashire Fusiliers]], the [[Maratha Light Infantry]], and others, led to an increase in the population. Due to its milder weather, the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay, thus making it one of the most important cities of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/19672/GIPE-030255.pdf?sequence=3 |title=Moledina, M.H., 1953. History of the Poona Cantonment, 1818–1953 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170717/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/19672/GIPE-030255.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Building cantonments was a peculiarly British phenomenon in the Indian subcontinent. Whenever the British occupied new territory, they built new garrison towns near the old cities and called them cantonments.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}|group=note}}  
The [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] of the [[Indian Army]], established in 1895, is headquartered in [[Pune Camp|Pune cantonment]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-southern-command-hq-set-to-archive-army-s-glory-1917575|title=Southern Command HQ set to archive Army's glory {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=12 November 2013|work=dna|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003346/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-southern-command-hq-set-to-archive-army-s-glory-1917575|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/southern-command-army-s-shining-star-1620665.html|title=Southern Command: Army's shining star|work=OneIndia|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214056/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/southern-command-army-s-shining-star-1620665.html|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city of Pune was known as Poona during British rule. Poona Municipality was established in 1858. A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858, run by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR).<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|publisher=Government Central press|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85|year=1885}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95o5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA308|year=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|page=308}}</ref> [[Navi Peth, Pune|Navi Peth]], [[Ganj Peth]] (now renamed [[Mahatma Phule Peth]]) were developed during the [[British Raj]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

====Centre of Social Reform and Nationalism====
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = MAIN ST. buildings on right, sign for JAFFERJEE MERCHANTS - Poona.jpg
| width1            = 250
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = One of main streets of Pune in 1900s
| image2            = A Street in Budhwar Peth - Poona.jpg
| width2            = 250
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = A Street in [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Budhwar Peth]]
}}
Pune was prominently associated with the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Indian independence]]. In the period between 1875 and 1910, the city was a centre of agitation led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. The city was also a centre for social reform led by [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], [[Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]], feminist [[Tarabai Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Pandita Ramabai]]. They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice, equal rights for women, harmony between the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities, and better schools for the poor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light|title=The Other Liberal Light|magazine=The New Republic|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001120/https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was imprisoned at the [[Yerwada Central Jail]] several times and placed under house arrest at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] between 1942 and 1944, where both his wife [[Kasturba Gandhi]] and aide [[Mahadev Desai]] died.<ref name="Severance1997">{{cite book|author=John B. Severance|title=Gandhi, Great Soul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrWhSlAI6QAC&pg=PA9|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-77179-2|pages=113–115}}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] used to study in [[Fergusson College]] and performed the "[[Holi]]" of foreign items near [[Mutha river]] bank {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}.

=== Pune since Indian Independence === 
After [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] from the British in 1947, Pune saw enormous growth, transforming it into a modern metropolis. The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC) in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050207/http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/|url-status=dead|title=PMC|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post-independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune (now, [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]) in 1949, the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in 1950 and the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|title=History of University|website=Official website of the SPPU|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608072655/http://unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Default.aspx|title=National Chemical Laboratory|website=Ncl-india.org|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601080332/http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Default.aspx|archive-date=1 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nda.nic.in/history.html|title=History of NDA|website=Official website of the National Defence Academy, Pune|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714061448/https://www.nda.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=14 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The establishment of [[Hindustan Antibiotics]] in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the [[Hadapsar]], [[Bhosari]], and [[Pimpri]] areas.<ref name="Kolekar1993">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iq0hz5q8iw0C&pg=PR7|title=Human Resources Development|author=B.D. Kolekar|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=1993|isbn=978-81-7211-044-4|pages=17–19}}</ref><ref name="nic">{{cite web|url=http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm|title=Historical Events in Pune|publisher=NIC – District-Pune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072725/http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm|archive-date=2 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front|last=Menon|first=Sudha|date=30 March 2002|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041221/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie with [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.|title=The city in South Asia|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415574266|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/213 213]|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/about-us/facilities/pune/|title=Tata Motors Manufacturing Facility - Pune|website=Tatamotors.com|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211433/https://www.tatamotors.com/about-us/facilities/pune/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]], [[Viman Nagar]], [[Hinjawadi]], [[Wagholi, Pune|Wagholi]], [[Kharadi]] and [[Balewadi]]-[[Baner]] region. As a result, the city saw a huge influx of people due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries.

The breach in the [[Panshet Dam|Panshet dam]] and the resulting [[Khadakwasla Dam#Flood of 1961|flood of 1961]] led to severe damage and the destruction of housing close to the river banks.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|title=Deluge in Poona.|last1=Brahme|first1=S|last2=GOLE|first2=P.|date=1967|publisher=GOKHALE INSTITUTE OF POLITICS AND ECONOMIC Asia Publishing House.|pages=14–47|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225145817/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|url-status=live}}</ref> The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqUjCQAAQBAJ&q=poona+flood+1961+dam+resettlement&pg=PP10|title=Dam breach modeling technology|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|date=1996|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=978-0792339250|location=Dordrecht|pages=89–91|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> To integrate urban planning, the [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]], the three cantonments, and the surrounding villages.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788189422820|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=pune+wada+apartment+bunglow+housing+planning&pg=PR7|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>

In 1998 work on the six-lane [[Mumbai-Pune expressway]] began; it was completed in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000730/fec30031.html |title=The Mumbai-Pune expressway |work=The Financial Express |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515012445/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000730/fec30031.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> In 2008, the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punekar.in/site/2008/09/17/pune-to-get-piped-compressed-natural-gas-before-cyg/ |title=Pune to get piped compressed natural gas before CYG |work=The Punekar |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004135143/http://punekar.in/site/2008/09/17/pune-to-get-piped-compressed-natural-gas-before-cyg/ |archive-date=4 October 2008}}</ref> On 13 February 2010, [[2010 Pune bombing|a bomb exploded]] at the German Bakery in the upmarket [[Koregaon Park]] neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html|title=Eight killed in India restaurant blast|author=Harmeet Singh|date=13 February 2010|work=CNN|access-date=14 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216130642/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html|archive-date=16 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/9-killed-40-injured-in-Pune-bomb-blast/article16814472.ece|title=9 killed, 40 injured in Pune bomb blast|date=13 February 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 April 2018|agency=PTI|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172829/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/9-killed-40-injured-in-Pune-bomb-blast/article16814472.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/WNAT5c213afae99869fc55f72ef1a695bc49/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721122307/https://article.wn.com/view/WNAT5c213afae99869fc55f72ef1a695bc49/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2020|title=पुण्यावर दहशतवादी हल्ला; नऊ ठार, ५७ जखमी|language=mr|author=The WorldNews (WN) Network|date=14 February 2010|publisher=article.wn.com/|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> Evidence suggested that the [[Indian Mujahideen]] terrorist group carried out the attack.<ref name="Pant2015">{{cite book|author=Harsh V. Pant|title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBG4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-38008-5}}</ref>

=== 21st-century ===
Pune has evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub.<ref name="Pune_Autohub">—{{cite web |author=Ramnath Subbu |date=13 September 2010 |title=Pune shifts to top most gear as automobile hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Pune-shifts-to-top-gear-as-automobile-hub/article15911528.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306051434/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Pune-shifts-to-top-gear-as-automobile-hub/article15911528.ece |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=4 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}<br />—{{cite web |author=Partha Sarathi Biswas |date=10 July 2017 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160942/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=10 July 2017 |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}<br />—{{cite journal |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Rashmi |last2=Mishra |first2=Rajeev |last3=Desouza |first3=Kevin C. |date=April 2016 |title=City profile: Pune, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275116300087 |url-status=live |journal=Cities |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=53 |pages=98–109 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705110712/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275116300087 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=5 July 2020}}<br />—{{cite book |last1=Gulhane |first1=Vidyadhar |title=2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles |last2=Tarambale |first2=M. R. |last3=Nerkar |first3=YP |date=23 April 2007 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-0-7803-9793-4 |pages=1–8 |chapter=A Scope for the Research and Development Activities on Electric Vehicle Technology in Pune City |doi=10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352285 |s2cid=26480235}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barua |first1=Proyashi |title=Truly the Oxford of the East |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 June 2012|archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, [[Serum Institute of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid 19 vaccines: India is the world's largest producer of vaccines. So why a shortage today? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-is-the-worlds-largest-producer-of-vaccines-so-why-a-shortage-today/articleshow/82018420.cms#:~:text=The%20world's%20largest%20manufacturer%20of,vaccine%20doses%20in%20one%20year. |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-is-the-worlds-largest-producer-of-vaccines-so-why-a-shortage-today/articleshow/82018420.cms#:~:text=The%20world's%20largest%20manufacturer%20of,vaccine%20doses%20in%20one%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5,000 doses of Covishield/minute: A look at Serum Institutes's vaccine journey |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/5000-doses-of-covishield-minute-a-look-at-serum-institutes-s-vaccine-journey-11610809058833.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Mint |date=16 January 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025635/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/5000-doses-of-covishield-minute-a-look-at-serum-institutes-s-vaccine-journey-11610809058833.html |url-status=live }}</ref>