Editing Puffin (section)

== Taxonomy ==
The [[genus]] ''Fratercula'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760 with the [[Atlantic puffin]] (''Fratercula arctica'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book |last=Brisson |first=Mathurin Jacques |author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson |year=1760 |title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés |language=fr, la |at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010452 Vol. 1, p. 52], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36210907 Vol. 6, p. 81] |place=Paris |publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=James Lee |editor-link=James L. Peters |year=1934 |title=Check-list of Birds of the World |volume=2 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=358 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483171}}</ref> The name ''Fratercula'' is [[Latin]] for "[[friar]]" from the word ''fraterculus'' "little brother",<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dfraterculus |title=frātercŭlus |last1=Lewis |first1=Charlton T. |last2=Short |first2=Charles |dictionary=A Latin Dictionary |edition= |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |date=1879}}</ref> because the puffin's black and white plumage resemble robes worn by [[monk]]s.<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n164 164]}}</ref>

The genus contain three species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |year=2019 |title=Noddies, gulls, terns, auks |work=World Bird List Version 9.2 |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/gulls/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref> The [[rhinoceros auklet]] (''Cerorhinca monocerata'') has sometimes been included in the genus ''Fratercula'',<ref name= barrows >{{cite journal |last=Barrows |first=Walter Bradford |year=1877 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/130632#page/166/mode/1up |title=Catalogue of the Alcidae contained in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History, with a Review and proposed Classification of the Family |journal=Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History |volume=19 |page=154 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> and some authors place the tufted puffin in the genus ''Lunda''.{{sfn|Harrison|1988|p=406}} The puffins and the rhinoceros auklet are closely related, together composing the subfamily Fraterculini.<ref name= guthrie/>
 
The oldest alcid fossil is ''Hydrotherikornis'' from Oregon dating to the Late Eocene while fossils of ''Aethia'' and ''Uria'' go back to the Late Miocene. [[Molecular clocks]] have been used to suggest an origin in the Pacific in the Paleocene.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Sergio L. |last1=Pereira |first2=Allan J. |last2=Baker |year=2008 |title=DNA evidence for a Paleocene origin of the Alcidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) in the Pacific and multiple dispersals across northern oceans |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=430–445 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.020 |pmid=18178108|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..430P }}</ref> Fossils from North Carolina were originally thought to have been of two ''Fratercula'' species,<ref>Olson, S. L.; [[Pamela C. Rasmussen|Rasmussen P.]] (2001) "Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina." ''Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology'' '''90''' 233-–365.</ref> but were later reassigned to one ''Fratercula'', the tufted puffin, and a ''Cerorhinca species''.<ref name= smith>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=N. A. |last2=Olson |first2=Storrs L. |last3=Clarke |first3=J. A. |year=2007 |title=First Atlantic Record of the Horned Puffin genus ''Cerorhinca ''(Aves, Alcidae) from the Pliocene of North Carolina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1039–1042 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6544/1/VZ_366_Cerorhinca.pdf |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1039:FAROTP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=13622138 |issn=0272-4634 |access-date=2009-03-30 |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101235304/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6544/1/VZ_366_Cerorhinca.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another extinct species, [[Dow's puffin]] (''Fratercula dowi'') was found on the [[Channel Islands of California]] until the [[Late Pleistocene]] or early [[Holocene]].<ref name=guthrie >{{cite journal |last1=Guthrie |first1=Daniel A. |last2=Thomas |first2=Howell W. |last3=Kennedy |first3=George L. |year=1999 |title=A new species of extinct late Pleistocene puffin (Aves: Alcidae) from the southern California Channel Islands |journal=Proceedings of the 5th California Islands Symposium |pages=525–530 |url=http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dguthrie/Guthrie.pdf |access-date=2009-03-28 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727194836/http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dguthrie/Guthrie.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Puffin Mrkoww.jpg|thumb|A [[Tufted puffin]] in [[Seattle, Washington]]]]
The Fraterculini are thought to have originated in the Pacific, primarily due to their greater diversity there; there exists only one extant species in the Atlantic, compared to two in the Pacific. This species has shown some significant signs of animal intelligence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fayet |first1=Annette L. |last2=Hansen |first2=Erpur Snær |last3=Biro |first3=Dora |date=2019-12-30 |title=Evidence of tool use in a seabird |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |language=en |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=1277–1279 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1918060117 |pmid=31889002 |pmc=6983420 |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In January 2020, some researchers reported that, Atlantic puffins were seen using sticks as a tool to scratch themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://daily.jstor.org/puffins-seen-using-tools-breaking-dumb-puffin-stereotypes/ |title=Puffins Seen Using Tools, Breaking Dumb-Puffin Stereotypes |last=Tracey |first=Liz |date=2020-02-02 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US |access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> The Fraterculini fossil record in the Pacific extends at least as far back as the middle [[Miocene]], with three fossil species of ''Cerorhinca'', and material tentatively referred to that genus, in the middle Miocene to late [[Pliocene]] of southern California and northern Mexico. Although there are no records from the Miocene in the Atlantic, a re-examination of the North Carolina material indicated that the diversity of puffins in the early Pliocene was as great in the Atlantic as it is in the Pacific today. This diversity was achieved through influxes of puffins from the Pacific; the later loss of species was due to major oceanographic changes in the late Pliocene due to closure of the Panamanian Seaway and the onset of severe glacial cycles in the North Atlantic.<ref name= smith/>

{{clear|right}}

=== Extant species ===
{{Species table |genus=Fratercula  |authority-name=[[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]]|authority-year= 1760 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Atlantic puffin|binomial=[[Fratercula arctica]]
|image=File:Puffin (Fratercula arctica).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year= 1758|authority-not-original=yes
|range= North Atlantic: coasts of northern Europe south to northern [[France]], the [[British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]], [[Norway]] and [[Atlantic Canada]] then south to [[Maine]]. Winters south to [[Morocco]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]{{sfn|Harrison|1988|p=404}}
|range-image=File:Fratercula arctica distribution map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|32|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a {{convert|53|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan, weight {{convert|380|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Sibley|2000|pp=252–253}}
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''F. a. arctica''
| ''F. a. grabae''
| ''F. a. naumanni'' 
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Horned puffin|binomial=[[Fratercula corniculata]]
|image=File:Fratercula corniculataUSFWSSL0002774.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Naumann, JF|authority-year=  1821|authority-not-original=yes
|range= North Pacific: coasts of [[Siberia]], [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]], wintering south to [[California]] and [[Baja California]]{{sfn|Harrison|1988|p=405}}
|range-image=File:Fratercula corniculata distribution map cropped.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a {{convert|58|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan, weight {{convert|620|g|lb|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Sibley|2000|pp=252–253}}
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Tufted puffin]] or crested puffin<ref>"Tufted Puffin" is the preferred English name. F. Gill and M. Wright, ''[[Birds of the World: Recommended English Names]]'', 2006.</ref>|binomial=[[Fratercula cirrhata]]
|image=File:Tufted Puffin Alaska.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Pallas|authority-year= 1769|authority-not-original=yes
|range=North Pacific: British Columbia, throughout southeastern Alaska and the [[Aleutian Islands]], [[Kamchatka]], the [[Kuril Islands]] and throughout the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Winters south to [[Honshū]] and California{{sfn|Harrison|1988|p=406}}
|range-image=File:Fratercula cirrhata distribution map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a {{convert|63.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan, weight {{convert|780|g|lb|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Sibley|2000|pp=252–253}}
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}


{{Species table/end}}

=== Fossils ===
{| width = 98% class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background-color: #D3D3A4" colspan ="4" |'''Species in [[taxonomic sequence]]'''
|-
! width=18% | Common and binomial names
! width=12% | Image
! width=35% |Range
|-
|[[Dow's puffin]]<br />({{extinct}}''Fratercula dowi'')
| 
|[[Channel Islands of California]] Late Pleistocene
|-
|}