Editing Psychosis (section)

=== Hallucinations ===
A [[hallucination]] is defined as sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations are different from [[illusion]]s and perceptual distortions, which are the misperception of external stimuli. Hallucinations may occur in any of the senses and take on almost any form. They may consist of simple sensations (such as lights, colors, sounds, tastes, or smells) or more detailed experiences (such as seeing and interacting with animals and people, [[Auditory verbal hallucinations|hearing voices]], and having complex tactile sensations). Hallucinations are generally characterized as being vivid and uncontrollable.<ref name="DSM"/> [[Auditory hallucination]]s, particularly experiences of hearing voices, are the most common and often prominent feature of psychosis.

Up to 15% of the general population may experience auditory hallucinations (though not all are due to psychosis). The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia is generally put around 70%, but may go as high as 98%. Reported prevalence in bipolar disorder ranges between 11% and 68%.<ref name="Toh">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toh WL, Thomas N, Rossell SL | title = Auditory verbal hallucinations in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD): A systematic review | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 184 | pages = 18–28 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26066781 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.040 }}</ref> During the early 20th century, auditory hallucinations were second to [[Visual hallucinations in psychosis|visual hallucinations]] in frequency, but they are now the most common manifestation of schizophrenia, although rates vary between cultures and regions. Auditory hallucinations are most commonly intelligible voices. When voices are present, the average number has been estimated at three. Content, like frequency, differs significantly, especially across cultures and demographics. People who experience auditory hallucinations can frequently identify the loudness, location of origin, and may settle on identities for voices. Western cultures are associated with auditory experiences concerning religious content, frequently related to sin. Hallucinations may command a person to do something potentially dangerous when combined with delusions.<ref name="Sadock Psychosis">{{cite book|title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry|vauthors=Lewis S, Escalona R, Keith S|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|year=2017|isbn=978-1-45-110047-1|veditors=Sadock V, Sadock B, Ruiz P|chapter=Phenomenology of Schizophrenia}}</ref>

So-called "minor hallucinations", such as extracampine hallucinations, or false perceptions of people or movement occurring outside of one's visual field, frequently occur in neurocognitive disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenka A, Pagonabarraga J, Pal PK, Bejr-Kasem H, Kulisvesky J | title = Minor hallucinations in Parkinson disease: A subtle symptom with major clinical implications | journal = Neurology | volume = 93 | issue = 6 | pages = 259–266 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31289146 | pmc = 6709995 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007913 }}</ref>

Visual hallucinations occur in roughly a third of people with schizophrenia, although rates as high as 55% are reported. The prevalence in bipolar disorder is around 15%. Content commonly involves animate objects, although perceptual abnormalities such as changes in lighting, shading, streaks, or lines may be seen. Visual abnormalities may conflict with [[proprioceptive]] information, and visions may include experiences such as the ground tilting. [[Lilliputian hallucinations]] are less common in schizophrenia, and are more common in various types of [[encephalopathy]], such as [[peduncular hallucinosis]].<ref name="Sadock Psychosis"/><ref name="Blom2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blom JD | title = Leroy's elusive little people: A systematic review on lilliputian hallucinations | journal = Neurosci Biobehav Rev | volume = 125 | issue = | pages = 627–636 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 33676962 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.002 | url = }}</ref>

A visceral hallucination, also called a cenesthetic hallucination, is characterized by visceral sensations in the absence of stimuli. Cenesthetic hallucinations may include sensations of burning, or re-arrangement of internal organs.<ref name="Sadock Psychosis"/>