Editing Psychophysiology (section)

==Measures==
Psychophysiology measures exist in multiple domains; reports, electrophysiological studies, studies in [[neurochemistry]], neuroimaging, and behavioral methods.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Cacioppo|first1=John|last2=Tassinary|first2=Louis|last3=Berntson|first3=Gary|title=Handbook of Psychophysiology|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=581–607|edition=3rd|chapter=25}}</ref> Evaluative reports involve participant introspection and self-ratings of internal psychological states or physiological sensations, such as self-report of arousal levels on the [[Self-Assessment Manikin|self-assessment manikin]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bradley|first1=Margaret|last2=Lang|first2=Peter|title=Measuring Emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential|journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry|date=1994|volume=25|issue=1|pages=49–59|doi=10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9|pmid=7962581|s2cid=17630161 }}</ref> or measures of interoceptive visceral awareness such as heartbeat detection.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weins|first1=Stefan|last2=Mezzacappa|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Katkin|first3=Edward|title=Heartbeat Detection and the Experience of Emotions|journal=Cognition and Emotion|date=2000|volume=14|issue=3|pages=417–427|doi=10.1080/026999300378905|s2cid=14815385}}</ref> Merits to self-report are an emphasis on accurately understand the participants' subjective experience and understanding their perception; however, its pitfalls include the possibility of participants misunderstanding a scale or incorrectly recalling events.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Michael|last2=Clore|first2=Gerald|title=Episodic and Semantic Knowledge in Emotional Self-Report: Evidence for Two Judgment Processes|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=2002|volume=83|issue=1|pages=198–215|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.198|pmid=12088126|s2cid=17805222 }}</ref>

Physiological responses also can be measured via instruments that read bodily events such as heart rate change, [[electrodermal activity|electrodermal activity (EDA)]], muscle tension, and cardiac output.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Tassinary |first1=Louis G. |title=The perimetric physiological measurement of psychological constructs. |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000318-025 |work=APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Foundations, planning, measures, and psychometrics (Vol. 1) (2nd ed.). |pages=531–564 |access-date=2023-12-21 |place=Washington |publisher=American Psychological Association |language=en |doi=10.1037/0000318-025 |isbn=978-1-4338-3713-5 |last2=Hess |first2=Ursula |last3=Carcoba |first3=Luis M. |last4=Orr |first4=Joseph M.}}</ref> Many indices are part of modern psychophysiology, including brain waves (electroencephalography, EEG), [[fMRI]] (functional magnetic resonance imaging), electrodermal activity (a standardized term encompassing skin conductance response, SCR, and galvanic skin response, GSR), cardiovascular measures ([[heart rate]], HR; [[beats per minute]], BPM; [[heart rate variability]], HRV; vasomotor activity), muscle activity ([[electromyography]], EMG), [[Electrogastrogram|electrogastrogram (EGG)]] changes in pupil diameter with thought and emotion ([[pupillometry]]),  eye movements, recorded via the electro-oculogram (EOG) and direction-of-gaze methods, cardiodynamics, recorded via [[impedance cardiography]], and grip force.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahar |first1=Yotam |last2=Elbaum |first2=Tomer |last3=Musicant |first3=Oren |last4=Wagner |first4=Michael |last5=Altarac |first5=Leon |last6=Shoval |first6=Shraga |date=2023-02-23 |title=Mapping Grip Force Characteristics in the Measurement of Stress in Driving |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=4005 |doi=10.3390/ijerph20054005 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=10002433 |pmid=36901016 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

These measures are beneficial because they provide accurate and perceiver-independent objective data recorded by machinery.<ref name=":0" />  The downsides, however, are that any physical activity or motion can alter responses, and basal levels of arousal and responsiveness can differ among individuals and even between situations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Glynn|first1=Laura|last2=Christenfeld|first2=Nicholas|last3=Gerin|first3=William|title=The Role of Rumination in Recovery From Reactivity; Cardiovascular Consequences of Emotional States|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=2002|volume=64|issue=5|pages=714–726|doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000031574.42041.23|pmid=12271102|s2cid=1533394|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Neurochemical methods are used to study functionality and processes associated to [[neurotransmitters]] and [[neuropeptides]]<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Brady| first1 = ST |author2=Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Price DL.| year = 2012|title = Basic Neurochemistry. McGill Press}}</ref>

Finally, one can measure overt action or behavior, which involves the observation and recording actual actions, such as running, freezing, eye movement, and facial expression. These are good response measures and easy to record in animals, but they are not as frequently used in human studies.<ref name=":0" />