Editing Psychiatric hospital (section)

==History==
{{Main|Lunatic asylum}}
[[File:RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg|thumb|[[York Retreat]], built in the late 18th century by [[William Tuke]], a pioneer in moral treatment of the mentally ill]]
Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylum. Their development also entails the rise of organized institutional [[psychiatry]].
Hospitals known as [[bimaristan]]s were built in the [[Middle East]] in the early ninth century; the first was built in [[Baghdad]] under the leadership of [[Harun al-Rashid]]. While not devoted solely to patients with psychiatric disorders, early psychiatric hospitals often contained wards for patients exhibiting mania or other psychological distress.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short |first=Andrew C |last=Miller |title=Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |doi=10.1177/014107680609901208 |date=December 2006 |volume=99 |number=12 |pages=615–617 |pmid=17139063 |pmc=1676324 |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201153053/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short |archive-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Because of cultural taboos against refusing to care for one's family members, mentally ill patients would be surrendered to a ''bimaristan'' only if the patient demonstrated violence, incurable chronic illness, or some other extremely debilitating ailment.<ref>Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 055–62. {{doi|10.1177/0957154x9600702503}}</ref> Psychological wards were typically enclosed by iron bars owing to the aggression of some of the patients.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000roon |url-access=limited |last1=Rooney|first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Rooney|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000roon/page/191 191]|year=2009|publisher=Rosen Publishing |isbn=978-1448872282}}</ref>

In [[Western Europe]], the first idea and set up for a proper mental hospital entered through [[Spain]]. A member of the [[Mercedarian Order]] named [[Juan Gilaberto Jofré]] traveled frequently to Islamic countries and observed several institutions that confined the insane. He proposed the founding of an institution exclusive for "sick people who had to be treated by doctors", something very modern for the time. The foundation was carried out in 1409 thanks to several wealthy men from [[Valencia]] who contributed funds for its completion. It was considered the first institution in the world at that time specialized in the treatment of mental illnesses.

Later on, physicians, including [[Philippe Pinel]] at [[Bicêtre Hospital]] in France and [[William Tuke]] at [[York Retreat]] in England, began to advocate for the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. In the Western world, the arrival of [[institutionalisation]] as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an advent of the nineteenth century. The first public mental asylums were established in Britain; the passing of the [[County Asylums Act 1808]] empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every [[county]] to house the many 'pauper lunatics'. Nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in [[Nottinghamshire]]. In 1828, the newly appointed [[Commissioners in Lunacy]] were empowered to license and supervise private asylums. The [[Lunacy Act 1845]] made the construction of asylums in every county compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the [[Home Secretary]], and required asylums to have written regulations and a resident [[physician]].<ref>Unsworth, Clive."Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Vol. 13, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 482.</ref>

At the beginning of the 19th century there were a few thousand people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000. This growth coincided with the growth of [[psychiatry|alienism]], later known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism.<ref>Porter, Roy (2006). ''Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics''. Tempus: p. 14.</ref> The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes very brutal and focused on containment and restraint.<ref name="Life Magazine"/><ref name="mnddc.org"/>

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychiatric institutions ceased using terms such as "madness", "lunacy" or "insanity", which assumed a unitary psychosis, and began instead splitting into numerous mental diseases, including catatonia, melancholia, and dementia praecox, which is now known as [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Yuhas|first=Daisy|title=Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a challenge|date=March 2013 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge|publisher=Scientific American Mind (March 2013)|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref>

In 1961, sociologist [[Erving Goffman]] described a theory<ref name="Goffman">{{cite book|last=Goffman|first=Erving |title=Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates|year=1961|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=9780385000161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqELAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Extracts">{{cite web|title=Extracts from Erving Goffman|url=http://studymore.org.uk/xgof.htm#Asylums|publisher=A Middlesex University resource|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref> of the "[[total institution]]" and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both "guard" and "captor", suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and [[social role]], in other words of "[[Institutional syndrome|institutionalizing]]" them. Asylums as a key text in the development of [[deinstitutionalization]].<ref name="Mac Suibhne">{{cite journal|last=Mac Suibhne|first=Séamus|title=Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates|journal=[[BMJ]]|date=7 October 2009|volume=339|pages=b4109|doi=10.1136/bmj.b4109|s2cid=220087437|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b4109}}</ref>

With successive waves of reform{{when|date=February 2025}} and the introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, modern psychiatric hospitals provide a primary emphasis on treatment; and further, they attempt—where possible—to help patients control their own lives in the outside world with the use of a combination of [[psychiatric drug]]s and [[psychotherapy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog?search_field=all_fields|title=- Reports of the Surgeon General - Profiles in Science Search Results|website=profiles.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>{{full|date=February 2025}} These treatments can be involuntary. Involuntary treatments are among the many psychiatric practices which are questioned by the [[Anti-Psychiatry|mental patient liberation movement]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In America history in the 1980s after the "12,225,000 Acre Bill"{{what|date=February 2025}} it was emphasized that care would be given in asylums instead of housing the individuals in jails, poorhouses, or having them live on the streets.{{clarify|when did the institutionalization decline?  when was the political movement to shutter the mental institutions?|date=February 2025}} Due to the decrease over the years of psychiatric hospitals available depending on the state the availability of space and beds for new patients has drastically decreased.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Park |first1=Joe |url=https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/The%20Vital%20Role%20of%20State%20Psychiatric%20HospitalsTechnical%20Report_July_2014(6).pdf |title=The Vital Role of State Psychiatric Hospitals |last2=Radke |first2=Alan |date=July 2014 |publisher=National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors}}</ref>