Editing Proteinuria (section)

== Causes ==
There are three main mechanisms to cause proteinuria:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toblli |first1=Jorge E. |last2=Bevione |first2=P. |last3=Di Gennaro |first3=F. |last4=Madalena |first4=L. |last5=Cao |first5=G. |last6=Angerosa |first6=M. |date=4 July 2012 |title=Understanding the Mechanisms of Proteinuria: Therapeutic Implications |journal=International Journal of Nephrology |volume=2012 |pages=546039 |doi=10.1155/2012/546039 |pmc=3398673 |pmid=22844592 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Due to disease in the [[Glomerulus (kidney)|glomerulus]]
* Because of increased quantity of proteins in [[blood serum|serum]]  (overflow proteinuria)
* Due to low reabsorption at [[proximal tubule]] ([[Fanconi syndrome]])

Proteinuria can also be caused by certain biological agents, such as [[bevacizumab]] (Avastin) used in cancer treatment.  Excessive fluid intake (drinking in excess of 4 litres of water per day) is another cause.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Clark WF, Kortas C, Suri RS, Moist LM, Salvadori M, Weir MA, Garg AX | title = Excessive fluid intake as a novel cause of proteinuria | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume = 178 | issue = 2 | pages = 173–175 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18195291 | pmc = 2175005 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.070792 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=378f85de-27de-4046-815e-293b772666e5 |title=Drinking too much water called latest threat to health |date=January 2008 |newspaper=Montreal Gazette |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214005346/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=378f85de-27de-4046-815e-293b772666e5 |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref>

===Conditions with proteinuria===

Proteinuria may be a feature of the following conditions:<ref name="pmid15791892"/>
* [[Nephrotic syndromes]] (i.e. intrinsic [[kidney failure]])
* [[Pre-eclampsia]]
* [[Eclampsia]]
* Toxic lesions of [[kidney]]s
* Amyloidosis
* Collagen vascular diseases (e.g. [[systemic lupus erythematosus]])
* Dehydration
* [[Glomerulus (kidney)|Glomerular]] diseases, such as [[membranous glomerulonephritis]], focal segmental [[glomerulonephritis]], minimal change disease ([[lipoid nephrosis]])
* Strenuous exercise
* Stress
* [[Benign orthostatic (postural) proteinuria]]
* [[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]] (FSGS)
* [[IgA nephropathy]] (i.e. Berger's disease)
* [[IgM nephropathy]]
* [[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]]
* [[Membranous nephropathy]]
* [[Minimal change disease]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Alport syndrome]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]] ([[diabetic nephropathy]])
* Drugs (e.g. [[NSAIDs]], [[nicotine]], [[penicillamine]], [[lithium carbonate]], gold and other [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metals]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[antibiotics]], or [[opiates]] (especially [[heroin]])<ref name="pmid15709895">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dettmeyer RB, Preuss J, Wollersen H, Madea B | title = Heroin-associated nephropathy | journal = Expert Opinion on Drug Safety | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–28 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15709895 | doi = 10.1517/14740338.4.1.19 }}</ref>
* [[Fabry disease]]
* Infections (e.g. [[HIV]], [[syphilis]], [[hepatitis]], [[poststreptococcal infection]], urinary [[schistosomiasis]])
* [[Aminoaciduria]]
* [[Fanconi syndrome]] in association with [[Wilson disease]]
* [[Hypertensive nephrosclerosis]]
* [[Interstitial nephritis]]
* [[Sickle cell disease]]
* [[Hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Multiple myeloma]]
* [[Myoglobinuria]]
* [[Organ rejection]]:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naesens |first1=Maarten |last2=Lerut |first2=Evelyne |last3=Emonds |first3=Marie-Paule |last4=Herelixka |first4=Albert |last5=Evenepoel |first5=Pieter |last6=Claes |first6=Kathleen |last7=Bammens |first7=Bert |last8=Sprangers |first8=Ben |last9=Meijers |first9=Björn |last10=Jochmans |first10=Ina |last11=Monbaliu |first11=Diethard |last12=Pirenne |first12=Jacques |last13=Kuypers |first13=Dirk R.J. |title=Proteinuria as a Noninvasive Marker for Renal Allograft Histology and Failure: An Observational Cohort Study |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |date=January 2016 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=281–292 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2015010062 |pmid=26152270 |pmc=4696583 }}</ref>
* [[Ebola virus disease]]
* [[Nail–patella syndrome]]
* [[Familial Mediterranean fever]]
* [[HELLP syndrome]]
* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
* [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
* [[Glycogen storage disease]] type 1<ref name="pmid11949931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chou JY, Matern D, Mansfield BC, Chen YT | title = Type 1 Glycogen Storage Diseases: Disorders of the Glucose-6-Phosphatase Complex | journal = Current Molecular Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–143 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11949931 | doi = 10.2174/1566524024605798 }}</ref>
* [[Goodpasture syndrome]]
* [[Henoch–Schönlein purpura]]
* A [[urinary tract infection]] which has spread to the kidney(s)
* [[Sjögren syndrome]]
* [[Post-infectious glomerulonephritis]]
* [[Kidney transplantation|Living kidney donor]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernando|first=B.S.|date=14 June 2008|title=A Doctor's Perspective|journal=BMJ|volume=336|issue=7657|pages=1374–6|doi=10.1136/bmj.a277|pmid=18556321|pmc=2427141}}</ref>
* [[Polycystic kidney disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=A B |last2=Johnson |first2=A M |last3=Gabow |first3=P A |last4=Schrier |first4=R W |title=Overt proteinuria and microalbuminuria in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |date=December 1994 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=1349–1354 |doi=10.1681/ASN.V561349 |pmid=7894001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2008}}

===Bence–Jones proteinuria===
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* Pre-malignant [[plasma cell dyscrasia]]s:
** [[Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance]]
** [[Smoldering multiple myeloma]]
* Malignant [[plasma cell dyscrasia]]s
** [[Multiple myeloma]]
** [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]]
* Other malignancies
** [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]
** Rare cases of other [[Lymphoid leukemia]]s
** Rare cases of [[Lymphoma]]s