Editing Propaganda (section)

==Definitions==
[[File:Propaganda Poster SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division Langemarck met anti-Semitisch opschrift Samen zullen wij hem verpletteren!.jpg|thumb|[[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi Propaganda]] poster of [[Flemish Legion|27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck]] with [[Stereotypes of Jews|anti-semitic]] title: "Together we will crush him!".]]
Historian [[Arthur Aspinall]] observed that newspapers were not expected to be independent  organs of information when they began to play an important part in political life in the late 1700s, but were assumed to promote the views of their owners or government sponsors.<ref>Arthur Aspinall, ''Politics and the Press 1780-1850'', p. v {{ISBN|978-0-2-08012401}} New York: Barnes and Noble Books (1949)</ref> In the 20th century, the term propaganda emerged along with the rise of mass media, including newspapers and radio. As researchers began studying the effects of media, they used [[Suggestion Theory|suggestion theory]] to explain how people could be influenced by emotionally-resonant persuasive messages. [[Harold Lasswell]] provided a broad definition of the term propaganda, writing it as: "the expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influencing the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends and through psychological manipulations."<ref>Ellul, Jacques (1965). Introduction by Konrad Kellen in ''[[Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes]]'', pp. [https://archive.org/details/propagandaformat0000ellu/page/n16/mode/1up xi–xii]. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner from original 1962 French edition ''Propagandes''. Knopf, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-394-71874-3}} (1973 edition by Vintage Books, New York).</ref> Garth Jowett and [[Victoria O'Donnell]] theorize that propaganda
and [[persuasion]] are linked as humans use communication as a form of [[soft power]] through the development and cultivation of propaganda materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jowett |first1=Garth |last2=O'Donnell |first2=Victoria |title=Propaganda and Persuasion |date=2012 |publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|isbn=978-1412977821 |edition=5th |language=en}}{{Page needed|date=February 2020}}</ref>

In a 1929 literary debate with [[Edward Bernays]], [[Everett Dean Martin]] argues that, "Propaganda is making puppets of us. We are moved by hidden strings which the propagandist manipulates."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Everett Dean |author-link1=Everett Dean Martin |editor1-last=Leach |editor1-first=Henry Goddard |editor1-link=Henry Goddard Leach |title=Are We Victims of Propaganda, Our Invisible Masters: A Debate with Edward Bernays |journal=[[The Forum (American magazine)|The Forum]] |date=March 1929 |volume=81 |pages=142–150 |url=http://postflaviana.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/martin-bernays-debate.pdf |access-date=22 February 2020 |publisher=Forum Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, propaganda was sometimes described as all-powerful. For example, Bernays acknowledged in his book ''[[Propaganda (book)|Propaganda]]'' that "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernays L |first1=Edward |author-link1=Edward Bernays |title=Propaganda |date=1928 |publisher=Horace |location=Liveright |page=[https://archive.org/details/BernaysPropaganda/page/n3 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/BernaysPropaganda}}</ref>

[[NATO]]'s 2011 guidance for military public affairs defines propaganda as "information, ideas, doctrines, or special appeals disseminated to influence the opinion, emotions, attitudes, or behaviour of any specified group in order to benefit the sponsor, either directly or indirectly".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuehl |first=Dan |date=2014-03-10 |editor-last=Snow |editor-first=Nancy |title=Propaganda and American Democracy |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |pages=12 |chapter=Chapter 1: Propaganda in the Digital Age |isbn=978-0-8071-5416-8}}</ref>