Editing Procyonidae (section)

===Evolution===

Procyonid fossils once believed to belong to the genus ''[[Bassariscus]]'', which includes the modern ringtail and cacomistle, have been identified from the [[Miocene]] epoch, around 20&nbsp;million years ([[Ma (unit)|Ma]]) ago. It has been suggested that early procyonids were an offshoot of the [[Canidae|canids]] that adapted to a more omnivorous diet.<ref name="EoM">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/98 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |editor=Macdonald |editor-first=D. |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/98 98–99] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The recent evolution of procyonids has been centered on Central America (where their diversity is greatest);<ref name=ZooKeys/> they entered the formerly isolated South America as part of the [[Great American Interchange]],<ref name="Koepfli2007">{{cite journal |last1=Koepfli |first1=K.-P. |last2=Gompper |first2=M. E. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Ho |first4=C.-C. |last5=Linden |first5=L. |last6=Maldonado |first6=J. E. |last7=Wayne |first7=R. K. |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6026 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1076–1095 |citeseerx=10.1.1.495.2618 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003 |pmid=17174109|bibcode=2007MolPE..43.1076K |hdl=10088/6026 }}</ref> beginning about 7.3&nbsp;[[Ma (unit)|Ma]] ago in the late Miocene, with the appearance of ''[[Cyonasua]]''.<ref name="Woodburne2010">{{cite journal|last=Woodburne|first=M. O.|author-link=Michael Woodburne|title=The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume= 17|issue=4|date= 2010-07-14|pages= 245–264|doi= 10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8|pmid=21125025|pmc=2987556}}</ref> Some fossil procyonids such as ''[[Stromeriella]]'' were also present in the Old World, before going extinct in the Pliocene.<ref>R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution</ref>

Genetic studies have shown that kinkajous are a [[sister group]] to all other extant procyonids; they split off about 22.6&nbsp;Ma ago.<ref name="EizirikMurphy2010">{{cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Murphy |first2=W. J. |last3=Koepfli |first3=K.-P. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |last5=Dragoo |first5=J. W. |last6=Wayne |first6=R. K. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |date=2010-02-04 |title=Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=49–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033 |pmc=7034395 |pmid=20138220|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...49E }}</ref> The clades leading to coatis and olingos on one branch, and to ringtails and raccoons on the other, separated about 17.7 Ma ago.<ref name=ZooKeys/> The divergence between olingos and coatis is estimated to have occurred about 10.2 Ma ago,<ref name=ZooKeys/> at about the same time that ringtails and raccoons parted ways.<ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name="Koepfli2007"/> The separation between coatis and mountain coatis is estimated to have occurred 7.7 Ma ago.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1999244770}} |last=Nunes Tsuchiya |first=Mirian Tieko |title=Evolutionary History of Procyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Integrating Genomics, Morphology and Biogeographic Modeling |year=2017 }}</ref>