Editing Pride parade (section)

==First pride marches==
[[File:Christopher Street Liberation Day Gay-In offset flyer, 1970.jpg|thumb|left|Christopher Street Liberation Day Gay-In offset flyer, San Francisco, California, 1970]]
As the movement became more radical in the late 1960s, particularly after the Stonewall Uprising, they were called Gay Liberation or Gay Freedom marches which emphasized demands for full equality and liberation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Amy |title=An Army of Ex-Lovers: My Life at the Gay Community News |date=2007 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1558496217 |pages=xi–xiii}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781135585136 |editor-last=Haggerty |editor-first=George |publication-date=September 2, 2003 |pages=870 |editor-last2=Zimmerman |editor-first2=Bonnie}}</ref>

On Saturday, June 27, 1970, the Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march<ref name="Chicago Tribune">''Chicago Tribune'', June 28, 1970, p. A3</ref> from [[Washington Square Park, Chicago|Washington Square Park]] ("Bughouse Square") to the [[Chicago Water Tower|Water Tower]] at the intersection of [[Michigan Avenue (Chicago)|Michigan]] and [[Chicago Avenue|Chicago]] avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants spontaneously marched on to the [[Richard J. Daley Center#Daley Plaza|Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza]].<ref name="CGP1971w">{{cite web |url= http://www.newberry.org/outspoken/exhibit/objectlist_section3.html |title= Outspoken: Chicago's Free Speech Tradition |publisher= Newberry Library |access-date= 2008-09-07 |archive-date= February 17, 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050217142658/http://www.newberry.org/outspoken/exhibit/objectlist_section3.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of [[Magnificent Mile|Michigan Avenue shopper]]s.

The West Coast of the United States saw a march in San Francisco on June 27, 1970, and 'Gay-in' on June 28, 1970<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor of Love: The Birth of San Francisco Pride 1970~1980|url=https://www.glbthistory.org/labor-of-love|website=GBLT Historical Society|access-date=July 21, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722063420/https://www.glbthistory.org/labor-of-love}}</ref> and a march in Los Angeles on June 28, 1970.<ref name="SFChron">''The San Francisco Chronicle'', June 29, 1970</ref><ref name="CanPress">{{cite web |url=http://www.pridetoronto.com/about/volunteer-comittees-cordinators/ |title=As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association |website=CanPress |date=February 28, 1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702034214/http://www.pridetoronto.com/about/volunteer-comittees-cordinators/ |archive-date=July 2, 2017 }}</ref> In Los Angeles, [[Morris Kight]] (Gay Liberation Front LA founder), [[Troy Perry|Reverend Troy Perry]] (Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches founder) and Reverend Bob Humphries (United States Mission founder) gathered to plan a commemoration. They settled on a parade down Hollywood Boulevard. But securing a permit from the city was no easy task. They named their organization Christopher Street West, "as ambiguous as we could be."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dudley Clendinen|first1=Adam Nagourney|title=Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781476740713|page=58}}</ref> But Rev. Perry recalled the Los Angeles Police Chief Edward M. Davis telling him, "As far as I'm concerned, granting a permit to a group of homosexuals to parade down Hollywood Boulevard would be the same as giving a permit to a group of thieves and robbers."<ref>{{cite web|title=L.A. Pride: How the World's First Pride Parade Got Its Start|url=http://www.wehoville.com/2013/05/24/l-a-pride-how-the-nations-first-pride-parade-got-its-start/|website=www.wehoville.com|date=May 24, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204092151/https://wehoville.com/2013/05/24/l-a-pride-how-the-nations-first-pride-parade-got-its-start/|archive-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> Grudgingly, the Police Commission granted the permit, though there were fees exceeding $1.5 million. After the American Civil Liberties Union stepped in, the commission dropped all its requirements but a $1,500 fee for police service. That, too, was dismissed when the California Superior Court ordered the police to provide protection as they would for any other group. The eleventh-hour California Supreme Court decision ordered the police commissioner to issue a parade permit citing the "constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression."<ref name="Project">{{Cite web |last=Project |first=The LGBTQ History |date=2023-10-02 |title=PRIDE WAS A PROTEST: Interview |url=https://www.lgbtqhp.org/post/pride-march |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=THE LGBTQHP |language=en}}</ref> From the beginning, L.A. parade organizers and participants knew there were risks of violence. Kight received death threats right up to the morning of the parade. Unlike later editions, the first gay parade was very quiet. The marchers convened on Mccadden Place in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], marched north and turned east onto Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gay Pride 1973|url=http://morriskight.blogspot.com/2012/10/gay-pride-1973.html |website=morriskight.blogspot.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014202522/https://www.morriskight.com/2012/10/gay-pride-1973.html|archive-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref> ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' reported "Over 1,000 homosexuals and their friends staged, not just a protest march, but a full-blown parade down world-famous Hollywood Boulevard."<ref>{{cite news|title=#TBT: What Gay Pride Looked Like in 1970|url=http://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/06/05/tbt-what-gay-pride-looked-1970|publisher=The Advocate|date=June 5, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007235018/https://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/06/05/tbt-what-gay-pride-looked-1970|archive-date=October 7, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Gay-button-Christopher-Street-liberation-day-1971-June-27.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Street]] [[Gay liberation|Liberation Day]] button promoting the second annual [[NYC Pride March]] on June 27, 1971]]On Sunday, June 28, 1970, at around noon, in New York gay [[activism|activist]] groups held their own pride parade, known as the [[Christopher Street|Christopher Street Liberation Day]], to recall the events of Stonewall one year earlier.<ref name="metcalf" /><ref name="history" /> On November 2, 1969, [[Craig Rodwell]], his partner Fred Sargeant, [[Ellen Broidy]], and Linda Rhodes proposed the first gay pride parade to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the [[Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations]] (ERCHO) meeting in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-22/news/1970-a-first-person-account-of-the-first-gay-pride-march// Sargeant, Fred. "1970: A First-Person Account of the First Gay Pride March." ''The Village Voice.'' June 22, 2010.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608161710/http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-22/news/1970-a-first-person-account-of-the-first-gay-pride-march/ |date=June 8, 2015 }} retrieved January 3, 2011.</ref><ref name="Project"/>

{{blockquote|That the Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged-that of our fundamental human rights-be moved both in time and location.

We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called "Christopher Street Liberation Day". No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration.

We also propose that we contact homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support.<ref name="Carter, pg. 230">Carter, p. 230</ref><ref>Marotta, pp. 164–165</ref><ref>Teal, pp. 322–323</ref><ref>Duberman, pp. 255, 262, 270–280</ref>}}

All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except for the Mattachine Society of New York City, which abstained.<ref name="Carter, pg. 230"/> Members of the [[Gay Liberation Front]] (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).<ref>Duberman, p. 227</ref>

Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350 [[Bleecker Street]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/25/nyregion/for-gays-party-search-purpose-30-parade-has-gone-mainstream-movement-s-goals.html/ Nagourney, Adam. "For Gays, a Party In Search of a Purpose; At 30, Parade Has Gone Mainstream As Movement's Goals Have Drifted." ''New York Times.'' June 25, 2000.] retrieved January 3, 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025111/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/25/nyregion/for-gays-party-search-purpose-30-parade-has-gone-mainstream-movement-s-goals.html Archive])</ref> At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York organizations like [[Gay Activists Alliance]] (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, [[Michael Brown (UK politician)|Michael Brown]], Marty Nixon, and Foster Gunnison of [[Mattachine]] made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from the national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via the [[Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop]] customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization.<ref>Carter, p. 247</ref><ref>Teal, p. 323</ref> Other mainstays of the GLF organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie and [[Brenda Howard]].<ref name="cnn" /><ref name="bbc" /><ref>Duberman, p. 271</ref> Believing that more people would turn out for the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970.<ref>Duberman, p. 272</ref> With [[Dick Leitsch]]'s replacement as president of Mattachine NY by Michael Kotis in April 1970, opposition to the march by Mattachine ended.<ref>Duberman, p. 314 n93</ref>

The first marches were both serious and fun and served to inspire the widening [[LGBT movements|LGBT movement]]; they were repeated in the following years and more and more annual marches started up in other cities throughout the world.{{Opinion|date=January 2021}} In [[Atlanta]] and New York City the marches were called ''Gay Liberation Marches'',<ref name="them" /> and the day of celebration was called "Gay Liberation Day"; in Los Angeles and San Francisco they became known as 'Gay Freedom Marches' and the day was called "Gay Freedom Day". As more cities and even smaller towns began holding their own celebrations, these names spread. The rooted ideology behind the parades is a critique of space which has been produced to seem [[heteronormative]] and 'straight', and therefore any act appearing to be homosexual is considered dissident by society.{{Opinion|date=January 2021}} The Parade brings this [[queer culture]] into the space. The marches spread internationally, including to [[Pride in London|London]] where the first "gay pride rally" took place on 1 July 1972, the date chosen deliberately to mark the third anniversary of the [[Stonewall riots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-40533612|date=July 8, 2017|access-date=July 14, 2021|title=In pictures: Pride in London through the years|work=BBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213120340/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-40533612|archive-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Gay Pride Day Poster, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 28, 1975.png|right|upright|thumb|Gay Pride Day Poster, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1975]]
In the 1980s, there was a cultural shift in the gay movement.{{Opinion|date=January 2021}} Activists of a less radical nature began taking over the march committees in different cities,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kolher|first1=Will|title=June 28, 1970 – From Liberation to Pride: The 45th Anniversary of the Christopher Street Liberation Day March – Rare Video|url=http://www.back2stonewall.com/2015/06/june-28-1970-liberation-pride-45th-anniversary-christopher-street-liberation-day-march-rare-video.html|access-date=December 11, 2017|publisher=back2stonewall.com|date=June 28, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209092257/https://www.back2stonewall.com/2022/06/june-28-1970-first-lgbt-pride-liberation-day-march.html|archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> and they dropped "Gay Liberation" and "Gay Freedom" from the names, replacing them with "Gay Pride". The term "Gay Pride" was claimed to be coined either by [[Jack Baker and Michael McConnell]], an activist couple in Minnesota, or by [[Thomas Lawrence Higgins|Thom Higgins]],<ref>McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage", binder #7 (MEMORANDUM for the record), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, ''U&nbsp;of&nbsp;M Libraries''.</ref> another gay rights activist in Minnesota.<ref>McCONNELL FILES, "Full Equality, a diary", volumes 1a-d (FREE: Gay Liberation of Minnesota), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, ''U&nbsp;of&nbsp;M Libraries''.</ref>

The [[Middle East]] had its first pride march in 1979 in [[Israel]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title='From the closet into the Knesset': Zionist sexual politics and the formation of settler subjectivity|journal = Settler Colonial Studies|volume = 8|issue = 4|pages = 442–463|last=Stelder|first=Mikki|date=August 20, 2017|doi=10.1080/2201473x.2017.1361885|doi-access=free}}</ref> The pride march has grown to over 250,000 participants by 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tel Aviv pride parade draws 250,000 Israelis, foreigners |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/tel-aviv-pride-parade-draws-250-000-israelis-foreigners-n881466 |work=NBC News |date=8 June 2018}}</ref> In 2017, the first pride march week in the Middle East was established in [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-17 |title=Lebanon launches Arab world's first gay pride week |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-pride-idUSKCN18D285 |access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref>

The oldest LGBT community center in South Florida [[Pridelines]] has been a partner of Miami Beach Pride for more than a decade.
 
In [[Southeast Asia]], the first pride march was celebrated on June 26, 1994, when 30-50 individuals marched in [[Quezon City]] in the [[Philippines]]. Less than three decades later, the government rejected an equality legislation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=Statement of the Commission on Human Rights on the rejection of the Philippine delegation of the recommendation during the Universal Periodic Review to pass the SOGIE Equality Bill |url=https://chr.gov.ph/statement-of-the-commission-on-human-rights-on-the-rejection-of-the-philippine-delegation-of-the-recommendation-during-the-universal-periodic-review-to-pass-the-sogie-equality-bill/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=chr.gov.ph |language=en-US}}</ref> sparking the largest pride march in [[Southeast Asia]], where over 110,000 people in 2023 marched in [[Quezon City]] in support of the [[SOGIE Equality Bill]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOOK: Pinoy LGBTQIA+ community celebrates Pride 2023 |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/6/25/Pinoy-LGBTQIA--community-celebrates-Pride-2023.html |date=2023-06-25 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=cnn |language=en|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627085137/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/6/25/Pinoy-LGBTQIA--community-celebrates-Pride-2023.html |archive-date=2023-06-27 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-25 |title=More than 100k attend QC's Pride Festival |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/06/25/23/more-than-100k-attend-qcs-pride-festival |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=ABS-CBN News |language=en}}</ref>

East Asia saw its first pride march on August 28, 1994, when a march was held in [[Tokyo]] in [[Japan]]. The largest ever pride march in the region was held in 2022 when over 120,000 people marched in [[Taiwan]] to support equal rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Yimou |last2=Hamacher |first2=Fabian |date=2022-10-29 |title=Taiwan celebrates diversity, equality in east Asia's largest Pride march |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taiwan-celebrates-diversity-equality-east-asias-largest-pride-march-2022-10-29/ |access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref>

The first pride march in [[South Asia]] was held on July 2, 1999, in the city of [[Kolkata]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/amp/71849/looking-back-at-the-history-of-the-pride-movement|title=Looking Back At The History Of The Pride Movement}}</ref>