Editing Preterism (section)

==Schools of preterist thought==
The two principal schools of preterist thought are commonly called ''partial preterism'' and ''full preterism''.  Preterists disagree significantly about the exact meaning of the terms used to denote these divisions of preterist thought.

Some partial preterists prefer to call their position ''orthodox preterism'', thus contrasting their agreement with the creeds of the [[Ecumenical Councils]] with what they perceive to be the full preterists' rejection of the same.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Po-eEvdQPo8C&pg=PA92 | title = The Birth Pangs: An Obstetrician Unveils Jesus' Timeline for Earth's Final Travail | page = 92| isbn = 9781607994039 | last1 = Abdul-Malak | first1 = Michael | date = February 2010 }}.</ref> This, in effect, makes full preterism unorthodox in the eyes of partial preterists and gives rise to the claim by some that full preterism is heretical. Partial preterism is also sometimes called ''orthodox preterism'', ''classical preterism'' or ''moderate preterism''.

On the other hand, some full preterists prefer to call their position "consistent preterism", reflecting their extension of preterism to ''all'' biblical prophecy and thus claiming an inconsistency in the partial preterist [[hermeneutic]].{{Sfn | Sproul | 1998|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDVlICMWGCoC&pg=PA155 155]}}

Sub-variants of preterism include a form of partial preterism which places fulfillment of some eschatological passages in the first three centuries of the current era, culminating in the [[fall of Rome]]. In addition, certain statements from classical [[theological liberalism]] are easily mistaken for preterism, as they hold that the biblical record accurately reflects Jesus' and the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]]' belief that all prophecy would be fulfilled within their generation. Theological liberalism generally regards these apocalyptic expectations as being errant or mistaken, however, so this view cannot accurately be considered a form of preterism.<ref>{{Citation | last = Allison | first = DC jr |date=Winter 1994 | title = A Plea for Thoroughgoing Eschatology | journal = Journal of Biblical Literature | volume = 113 | number = 4 | pages = 651–68 | doi=10.2307/3266712| jstor = 3266712 }}.</ref>

===Partial preterism===
Partial preterism (often referred to as ''orthodox preterism'' or ''classical preterism'') may hold that most eschatological prophecies, such as the destruction of Jerusalem, the [[Antichrist]], the [[Great Tribulation]], and the advent of [[the Day of the Lord]] as a "judgment-coming" of Christ, were fulfilled either in [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|AD 70]]<ref name= "PopEncyc">{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&q=partial+preterism&pg=PA405 | title = The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity | page = 405 | editor1-last = Hindson | editor2-first = Ergun | editor2-last = Caner | publisher = Harvest House |date=May 2008| isbn = 9780736936354 }}.</ref> or during the persecution of Christians under the Emperor [[Nero]].{{Sfn | Cory | 2006 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=IzzAFl2ONfAC&pg=PA61  61]}}{{Sfn | Garrow | 1997 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=SkOg-tEYbR4C&pg=PA86  86]}}

Some partial preterists may believe that the [[Antichrist]], the [[Great Tribulation]], and the advent of [[the Day of the Lord]] as a "judgment-coming" of Christ, were not historically fulfilled.
[[File:Silver Denarius of Nero, Rome (MANTIS).jpg|thumb|Head of [[Nero]] on a silver [[denarius]]: [''The beast'']'' also forced all people, great and small, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hands or on their foreheads, so that they could not buy or sell unless they had the mark, which is the name of the beast or the number of its name.'']]
Some partial preterists identify "[[Babylon (New Testament)|Babylon the Great]]" (Revelation 17–18) with the pagan [[Roman Empire]], though some, such as [[N.T. Wright]], [[Scott Hahn]], [[Jimmy Akin]], [[David Chilton]], and [[Kenneth Gentry]] identify it with the city of [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]].<ref name="PopEncyc" /><ref>{{Citation | quote = Finally something must be said, despite its difficulties, concerning the book of Revelation. The above presentation adds some weight to the quite controversial thesis that the city which is to be destroyed (the great whore that has become drunk with the blood of the saints) is to be identified, not with Rome, but with Jerusalem. As with any interpretation of Revelation there are problems with this, but there are also some strong arguments in favour. | first = N. T. | last = Wright | author-link = N. T. Wright | url = http://ntwrightpage.com/files/2016/05/Wright_Jerusalem_New_Testament.pdf | title = Jerusalem in the New Testament | year = 1994 | access-date = 2017-04-26 | archive-date = 2017-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003600/http://ntwrightpage.com/files/2016/05/Wright_Jerusalem_New_Testament.pdf | url-status = dead }}.</ref> Most interpretations identify [[The Beast (preterism)|Nero as the Beast]],<ref name="Cory, 61">{{harvnb|Cory|2006|p = 61}}</ref>{{Sfn |Garrow|1997|p=86}}<ref>{{cite book| title= The Catholic youth Bible: New American Bible including the revised Psalms and the revised New Testament, translated from the original languages with critical use of all the ancient sources |year= 2005|publisher= [[Saint Mary's Press]]|location= Winona, MN |isbn= 978-0-88489-798-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SnORJqkR7qsC&pg=RA7-PT1423|edition= rev}}</ref><ref name="just">{{cite web | first = Felix |last= Just |url= http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/666.htm#Academic |title= 666: The Number of the Beast | publisher = Catholic resources | date = 2002-02-02 |access-date=2006-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Hillers |first=DR |title=Revelation 13:18 and a Scroll from Murabba'at |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research]] |volume=170 |year=1963 |page=65 es |doi=10.2307/1355990|jstor=1355990|issue=170 |s2cid=163790686 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = The New Jerome Biblical Commentary | editor1-first = Raymond E | editor1-last = Brown | editor2-first = Joseph A | editor2-last = Fitzmyer | editor3-first = Roland E | editor3-last = Murphy | place = Englewood Cliffs, NJ | publisher = Prentice-Hall | year = 1990 | page = 1009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Some Recently Published NT Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: An Overview and Preliminary Assessment | first = Peter M | last = Head | journal = [[Tyndale Bulletin]] | volume = 51 | year = 2000 | pages = 1–16 | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | publisher = CAM | doi = 10.53751/001c.30281 | s2cid = 69099150 | doi-access = free }}.</ref>{{Efn | Whose name, written in Aramaic, can be valued at 666, using the Hebrew numerology of [[gematria]]), a manner of speaking against the emperor without the Roman authorities knowing. Also "Nero Caesar" in the [[Hebrew alphabet]] is נרון קסר ''NRWN QSR'', which when [[Hebrew alphabet#Numeric values of letters|used as numbers]] represent 50 200 6 50 100 60 200, which add to 666. The Greek term χάραγμα (''charagma'', "mark" in Revelation 13:16) was most commonly used for imprints on documents or coins.{{Citation needed | date = December 2013}}}} while [[Number of the beast|his mark]] is often interpreted as the stamped image of the emperor's head on every coin of the Roman Empire: the stamp on the hand or in the mind of all, without which no one could buy or sell.<ref name="spilsbury2002">{{Citation | first = Paul | last = Spilsbury | year = 2002 | title = The throne, the lamb & the dragon: A Reader's Guide to the Book of Revelation | publisher = InterVarsity Press | page = 99}}.</ref> Another partial preterist view regards first and second century events as recurrent patterns with Nero and Bar Kochba presented as archetypes. There is evidence that the epithet of [[Bar Kochba]] is a play on the Hebrew ''Shema'' with the value equating to the gematria value of 666. The pun on his patronymic equates to the variant reading 616.<ref>"Scholars have noted that the Greek form of Neron Caesar transliterated into Hebrew characters is equivalent to 666 and the Latin form of Nero Caesar transliterated into Hebrew script is equivalent to the variant 616. Similarly the ''Shema'' of Bar Kochba is 666 and his patronymic that was modified in order to reflect his true nature (that of a deceiver/liar/false messiah)". P. Wyns, The Shema and Bar Kochba: the false messiah and 666, (Biblaridion media, March 2018), p.9</ref> However, others believe the Book of Revelation was written after Nero's suicide in AD 68, and identify the [[The Beast (Revelation)|Beast]] with another emperor. The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' states that Revelation was "written during the latter part of the reign of the Roman Emperor [[Domitian]], probably in AD 95 or 96".<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&q=book+of+Revelation+95+catholic&pg=PA861 | publisher = Our Sunday Visitor | title = Catholic Encyclopedia | year = 1979 | page = 861 | isbn = 9780879736699 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>  Many Protestant scholars agree.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U-BT7qW6mVAC&q=book+of+Revelation+written+after&pg=PA126 | title = Understanding Bible Prophecy for Yourself | first = Tim | last = LaHaye | date = August 2009 | author-link = Tim LaHaye | page = 126| isbn = 9780736934022 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gZq2HjvC0_wC&q=book+of+Revelation+written+after&pg=PA118 | title = Hegel's grand synthesis: a study of being, thought, and history | first = Daniel | last = Berthold-Bond | date = January 1989 | page = 118 | isbn = 9780887069550 | quote = notes in consensus that Revelation was written around 95 AD}}.</ref> The [[Second Coming]], [[resurrection of the dead]], and [[Final Judgment]] however, have not yet occurred in the partial preterist system.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oMq5m_3hYoEC&q=partial+preterism&pg=PA232 | title = The Popular Dictionary of Bible Prophecy | page = 232 | first = Ron | last = Rhodes | publisher = Harvest House |date=Feb 2010| isbn = 9780736937504 }}.</ref>

===Full preterism===<!-- This section is linked from [[Second Coming]] -->
Full preterism differs from partial preterism in that full preterists believe that the destruction of Jerusalem fulfilled ''all'' eschatological or "end times" events, including the [[resurrection of the dead]] and Jesus's [[Second Coming]], or ''Parousia'', and the [[Final Judgment]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Frost |first1=Samuel |first2=David |last2=Green |first3=Ed |last3=Hassertt |first4=Michael |last4=Sullivan |title=House Divided: Bridging the Gap in Reformed Eschatology. A Preterist Response to ''When Shall These Things Be?''}}</ref>{{Page needed |date=December 2013}}

Other names of full preterism include:
* ''preterism'' (because the term itself means "past")
* ''consistent preterism''
* ''true preterism''
* ''hyper-preterism'' (a pejorative term used by opponents of preterists)
* ''[[pantelism]]''. (The term "pantelism" comes from two Greek roots: παν (''pan''), "everything", and τελ- (''tel-''), referring to completion).
* ''Covenant Eschatology''
* ''Fulfilled Eschatology''<ref>{{Citation |title=Fulfilled Eschatology |first=Tim |last=Liwanag |publisher=CreateSpace |date=May 2015|isbn=978-1512063110 }}.</ref>

Full preterists argue that a literal reading of Matthew 16:28 (where Jesus tells the disciples that some of them will not taste death until they see him coming in his kingdom)<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E53TGSIxgyoC&q=partial%20preterism&pg=PA316 |title=5-Minute Apologetics for Today |page=316 |first=Ron |last=Rhodes |publisher=Harvest House |date=March 2010|isbn=9780736937580 }}.</ref> places the second coming in the first century. This precludes a physical second coming of Christ. Instead, the second coming is symbolic of a "judgment" against Jerusalem, said to have taken place with the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux-X_FFK5i0C&q=partial%20preterism&pg=PA115 |title=End Time Delusions: The Rapture, the Antichrist, Israel, and the End of the World |page=115 |first=Steve |last=Wohlberg |publisher=Destiny Image |year=2005|isbn=9780768429602 }}.</ref> For this reason, those who oppose the notion also call full preterism "the AD 70 doctrine", since the whole eschatology is hinged on this one event.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=KC COFC |title=AD 70 |type=lecture manuscript |number=39th |year=2000 |last=Clarke |url=http://www.kc-cofc.org/39th/Lectures/2000%20Manuscripts/Clarke%20-%20AD%2070.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030131050658/http://kc-cofc.org/39th/Lectures/2000%20Manuscripts/Clarke%20-%20AD%2070.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 31, 2003 }}.</ref> [[R. C. Sproul]] said of full preterist [[Max R. King]], "for this schema to work, the traditional idea of resurrection must be replaced with a metaphorical idea of resurrection".<ref>''The End Times Controversy'' edited by Tim F. LaHaye, Thomas Ice 2003 [https://books.google.com/books?id=DGKY59jebNUC&pg=PA24 p.24] "..an orthodox view of the resurrection which is associated with Christ's return.33 Dr. Sproul says of full preterist Max King, "For this schema to work, the traditional idea of resurrection must be replaced with a metaphorical idea of resurrection,"</ref> Detractors of full preterism often refer to the school as ''hyper-preterism''.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&q=hyper-preterism&pg=PA405 |title=The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity |page=405|isbn=9780736936354 |last1=Hindson |first1=Ed |last2=Caner |first2=Ergun |date=May 2008 }}.</ref>

In recent years full preterism has divided into sub-groups. An important offshoot that differs markedly from the theology of Max King is the Individual Body View (IBV) of full preterism. The term refers to a belief in a rapture of individuals that occurred in AD 66 (or AD 70), an event that first involved an experiential change into spiritual bodies. This is counter to the Max King variant of full preterism, the Corporate Body View (CBV), which Edward E. Stevens, debating against that view, defines as "a spiritual-only change of status for a collective body, and that it had absolutely nothing to do with the resurrection of individual disembodied souls out of Hades to receive their new immortal bodies and go to heaven where their fellowship with God was eternally restored."<ref>First Negative of the "Preston-Stevens Debate on the Rapture</ref>

=== Related positions ===
* Pauline Eschatology
* Israel Onlyism