Editing Pre-ejaculate (section)

==Function and risks==
Pre-ejaculate neutralizes acidity in the urethra caused by residual [[urine]], creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.<ref name=chughtai/> The [[vagina]] is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.<ref name=Chudnovskycite /> Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during [[sexual activity]],<ref name=Chudnovskycite /> and plays a role in semen coagulation.<ref name=Chudnovskycite />

Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.<ref name="zukerman"/><ref name="HIV"/> Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.<ref name="Killick">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA |doi=10.3109/14647273.2010.520798|year=2011|title=Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid|journal=Human Fertility|volume=14|issue=1|pages=48–52|pmid=21155689|pmc=3564677}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal|last1=Kovavisarach|first1=E.|last2=Lorthanawanich|first2=S.|last3=Muangsamran|first3=P.|title=Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males|journal=J Med Assoc Thai|date=2016|volume=99|issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S38–41|pmid=27266214|issn=0125-2208}}</ref> There is evidence&nbsp;– dating to a 1966 [[Masters and Johnson]] study<ref>{{cite book|last=Masters|first=W.H.|title=Johnson, V.E.|year=1966|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=Boston, MA|page=211}}</ref>&nbsp;– that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of [[coitus interruptus]] (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.<ref name=zukerman/><ref name="HIV">{{Cite journal| title=Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid | journal=Contraceptive Technology Update |date=October 1993 | volume=14 | issue=10 | pmid=12286905 | pages=154–156}}</ref>

Studies have demonstrated the presence of [[HIV]] in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.<ref name=HIV/><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4|vauthors=Pudney J, Oneta M, Mayer K, Seage G, Anderson D|title=Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1|journal=Lancet|year=1992|volume=340|page=1470|pmid=1360584|issue=8833|s2cid=7106584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3|vauthors=Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B|title=Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid|journal=Lancet|year=1992|volume=340|issue=8833|page=1469|pmid=1360583|s2cid=43112865|display-authors=etal}}</ref>