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===Early life and education=== Posidonius, nicknamed "the Athlete" (Ἀθλητής),<ref name="kiddb3">{{Harvnb|Kidd|1988|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/pi/2107|title=SOL Search|website=www.cs.uky.edu}}</ref> was born around 135 BC.<ref name="sellars10">{{Harvnb|Sellars|2006|p=10}}</ref> He was born into a [[Greeks|Greek]] family in [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Durham |first=Ian T. |url= |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0387304007 |editor-last=Tremble |editor-first=Virginia |pages=927 |language=en |chapter=Posidonius |editor-last2=Williams |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-last3=Bracher |editor-first3=Katherine |editor-last4=Jarrell |editor-first4=Richard |editor-last5=Marché |editor-first5=Jordan D. |editor-last6=Ragep |editor-first6=F. Jamil}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Freeman |first=Philip |url= |title=The Philosopher and the Druids: A Journey Among the Ancient Celts |date=2006 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0743289061 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Apamea had a strong hellenic element of population including Macedonian colonists. ... Posidonius had a Greek name, wrote in Greek, had his higher education in Greece, and lived his whole adult life in Athens and Rhodes, where he clearly felt at home." – {{Harvnb|Kidd|1988|p=7}}</ref> a [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] city on the river [[Orontes river|Orontes]] in northern Syria.<ref name="kiddb7">{{Harvnb|Kidd|1988|p=7}}</ref> As historian Philip Freeman puts it: "Posidonius was Greek to the core".<ref name=":0" /> Posidonius expressed no love for his native city, Apamea, in his writings and he mocked its inhabitants.<ref name=":0" /> As a young man he moved to [[Athens]] and studied under [[Panaetius]], the leading Stoic philosopher of the age, and the last undisputed head ([[scholarch]]) of the Stoic school in Athens.<ref name="sellars10"/> When Panaetius died in 110 BC, Posidonius would have been around 25 years old.<ref name="sellars10"/> Rather than remain in Athens, he instead settled in [[Rhodes]], and gained citizenship.<ref name="kiddb7"/> In Rhodes, Posidonius maintained his own school which would become the leading institution of the time.<ref name="kiddc4">{{Harvnb|Kidd|1999|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sedley|2003|pp=26–27}}</ref>
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