Editing Porto (section)

===Early history===
Before the Roman conquest, the [[Gallaeci]], a [[Celts|Celtic]] people, inhabited the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Off the Grid - Citânia de Briteiros, Portugal - Archaeology Magazine - March/April 2022 |url=https://archaeology.org/issues/march-april-2022/off-the-grid/otg-citania-de-briteiros-portugal/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Archaeology Magazine |language=en-US }}</ref> Archaeological findings reveal that there were also human settlements at the mouth of the [[Douro|Douro River]] as early as the 8th century BC, which hints at a [[Phoenicia]]n trading settlement there.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/755 |title=Historic Centre of Porto |work=World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818094310/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/755 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Under the [[Roman Empire]], Porto developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade between ''Olissipona'' (the modern [[Lisbon]]) and ''Bracara Augusta'' (the modern [[Braga]]).<ref name="Timeline"/> Porto was also important during the [[Suebian]] and [[Visigothic]] times as a center for the expansion of Christianity during that period.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0807-89672013000200016&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt |title=Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua |first1=Larisa |last1=Semënova-Head |first2=Brian F. |last2=Head |journal=Revista Diacrítica |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=257–277 |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413111802/http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0807-89672013000200016&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Porto-Cathedral-2021.jpg|thumb|left|[[Porto Cathedral]], Sé do Porto, built in the 12th century, with Baroque and 20th-century modifications]]
Porto fell under Muslim rule between 714 to 716, following the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom]].<ref name="Collins">{{cite book |author=Collins, Roger |year=1989 |title=The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK / Cambridge, USA |isbn=0-631-19405-3 |pages=39–40 }}</ref> Porto was reconquered by the Christians under [[Alfonso I of Asturias|Alfonso I]] of [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]] in 741,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menéndez Pidal |first1=Ramón |title=PRIMERA CRÓNICA GENERAL. ESTORIA DE ESPAÑA DE ALFONSO X |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/abrir_pdf.php?id=PUB-LH-2022-258 |date=1906 |publisher=Biblioteca Digital de Castilla y León |page=357 |edition=2022 |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234657/https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/abrir_pdf.php?id=PUB-LH-2022-258 |url-status=live }}</ref> and thus Porto became a Christian border settlement. [[Vímara Peres]], a Galician [[count]] from [[Gallaecia]], and a vassal of the King of [[List of Asturian monarchs|Asturias]], [[List of Leonese monarchs|Léon]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], [[Alfonso III of León|Alfonso III]], was given the fief of Portucale, and the surrounding areas. This included the area from the [[Minho River|Minho]] to the [[Douro River]]: the settlement of ''[[Portus Cale]]'' and the area that is known as [[Vila Nova de Gaia]]. Portus Cale, later referred to as [[County of Portugal|Portucale]], was the origin for the modern name of [[Portugal]].<ref name="Angelo">{{Citation |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |last2=Hermano |first2=José |title=História de Portugal I&nbsp;— A Formação do Território |trans-title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-106-6 |language=pt }}</ref> In 868, [[Count]] Vímara Peres established the [[County of Portugal]], {{langx|pt|Condado de Portucale}}, usually known as ''Condado Portucalense'', after repopulating the region north of the Douro River.<ref name="Timeline"/>

In 1093, [[Theresa, Countess of Portugal|Teresa of León]], illegitimate daughter of the king [[Alfonso VI of Castile]], married [[Henry, Count of Portugal|Henry of Burgundy]], bringing the [[County of Portugal]] as a dowry. This ''Condado Portucalense'' became the focus of what has been called the Portuguese [[Reconquista]] that would expand the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] south, beginning in  the reign of King [[Afonso I of Portugal]] in the 12th century.

In 1387, Porto was the site of the marriage of [[John I of Portugal]] and [[Philippa of Lancaster]], daughter of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]]; this symbolized a long-standing [[Collective security|military alliance]] between Portugal and [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645224/Treaty-of-Windsor |title=Treaty of Windsor – British-Portugal |encyclopedia=britannica.com |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226105509/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645224/Treaty-of-Windsor |url-status=live }}</ref> The Portuguese-English alliance (see the [[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]]) is the world's oldest recorded military alliance.<ref name="Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo">{{cite web |title=Tratado de paz, amizade e confederação entre D. João I e Eduardo II, rei de Inglaterra, denominado Tratado de Windsor |url=http://digitarq.dgarq.gov.pt/details?id=4186035 |publisher=Portuguese National Archives Digital Collection |access-date=4 January 2013 |language=pt |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113632/http://digitarq.dgarq.gov.pt/details?id=4186035 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Winslett |first=Matthew |title=The Nadir of Alliance: The British Ultimatum of 1890 and Its Place in Anglo-Portuguese Relations, 1147—1945 |url=https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/history_theses/66/ |year=2008 |page=3 |access-date=9 October 2024 |isbn=9780549707752 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009043832/https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/history_theses/66/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Porto562.png|thumb|A street in Porto]]
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. Also from the port of Porto, in 1415, Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] (son of [[John I of Portugal]]) embarked on the [[Conquest of Ceuta|conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta]], in northern [[Morocco]].<ref name=mariners>{{cite web |url=http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=33 |title=The Mariners' Museum – EXPLORATION through the AGES |work=marinersmuseum.org |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407085820/http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=33 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers |url-access=registration |last1=Merson |first1=John |year=1990 |publisher=The Overlook Press |location=Woodstock, New York |isbn=0-87951-397-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/72 72] |postscript=A companion to the PBS Series ''The Genius That Was China'' }}</ref> This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the Portuguese [[Age of Discovery]]. The nickname that the people of Porto are known by began in those days; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as ''tripeiros'' (''tripe peoples''), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as [[tripe]], were left behind for the citizens of Porto; [[Tripas à moda do Porto|tripe remains a culturally important dish]] in modern-day Porto.